Future water quality monitoring: improving the balance between exposure and toxicity assessments of real-world pollutant mixtures

Abstract

Environmental water quality monitoring aims to provide the data required for safeguarding the environment against adverse biological effects from multiple chemical contamination arising from anthropogenic diffuse emissions and point sources. Here, we integrate the experience of the international EU-funded project SOLUTIONS to shift the focus of water monitoring from a few legacy chemicals to complex chemical mixtures, and to identify relevant drivers of toxic effects. Monitoring serves a range of purposes, from control of chemical and ecological status compliance to safeguarding specific water uses, such as drinking water abstraction. Various water sampling techniques, chemical target, suspect and non-target analyses as well as an array of in vitro, in vivo and in situ bioanalytical methods were advanced to improve monitoring of water contamination. Major improvements for broader applicability include tailored sampling techniques, screening and identification techniques for a broader and more diverse set of chemicals, higher detection sensitivity, standardized protocols for chemical, toxicological, and ecological assessments combined with systematic evidence evaluation techniques. No single method or combination of methods is able to meet all divergent monitoring purposes. Current monitoring approaches tend to emphasize either targeted exposure or effect detection. Here, we argue that, irrespective of the specific purpose, assessment of monitoring results would benefit substantially from obtaining and linking information on the occurrence of both chemicals and potentially adverse biological effects. In this paper, we specify the information required to: (1) identify relevant contaminants, (2) assess the impact of contamination in aquatic ecosystems, or (3) quantify cause-effect relationships between contaminants and adverse effects. Specific strategies to link chemical and bioanalytical information are outlined for each of these distinct goals. These strategies have been developed and explored using case studies in the Danube and Rhine river basins as well as for rivers of the Iberian Peninsula. Current water quality assessment suffers from biases resulting from differences in approaches and associated uncertainty analyses. While exposure approaches tend to ignore data gaps (i.e., missing contaminants), effect-based approaches penalize data gaps with increased uncertainty factors. This integrated work suggests systematic ways to deal with mixture exposures and combined effects in a more balanced way, and thus provides guidance for future tailored environmental monitoring. which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

High resolution mass spectrometry-based non-target screening can support regulatory environmental monitoring and chemicals management

“…Effect-based methods (EBM) have been thoroughly investigated in the SOLUTIONS project and were proposed as useful tools for prioritization, monitoring and chemical management approaches within European regulation [33]. NTS and EBM provide complementary information.…”

Strengthen the European collaborative environmental research to meet European policy goals for achieving a sustainable, non-toxic environment

“…River basin scale case studies were instrumental to benchmark performance of modelling and measurement tools for water contamination assessment, provided data necessary to identify river basin-specific pollutants, demonstrated the benefits of the technical upgrade of wastewater treatment plants, specified the potential for targeted remediation of pollution sources, and demonstrated the interactions between contamination and situations of water scarcity that need to be acknowledged. In particular, we sought to conceptually provide links for bridging between chemical and ecological water status measures [49][50][51]. This includes the identification and ranking of environmental hazards with ecosystem vulnerability distributions [52].…”

Mortality and Effect on Growth of Artemia franciscana Exposed to Two Common Organic Pollutants

“…It is even considered by some as the most significant international legislation in the field of Water Quality that was introduced for many years [2,3]. Monitoring of water contamination serves as a cornerstone for the implementation of WFD, which, in turn, requires the development and constant improvement of an array of in vitro, in vivo, and in situ bioanalytical methods to identify pollutants and assess their effects [4]. While chemical analyses of water bodies for detection of pollutants and estimation of contamination levels was the most common practice, it is no longer considered sufficient for water quality control, but must be complemented by ecotoxicological end points [5].…”