Future of electric vehicle charging

Abstract

Abstract-Charging infrastructure for electric vehicles (EV) will be the key factor for ensuring a smooth transition to emobility. This paper focuses on five technologies that will play a fundamental role in this regard: smart charging, vehicle-to-grid (V2G), charging of EVs from photovoltaic panels (PV), contactless charging and on-road charging of EVs. Smart charging of EVs is expected to enable larger penetration of EVs and renewable energy, lower the charging cost and offer better utilization of the grid infrastructure. Bidirectional EV chargers will pave the way for V2G technology where the EV can be used for energy arbitrage and demand-side management. Solar charging of EV will result in sustainable transportation and use of the EV battery as PV storage. On the other hand, stationary contactless charging and on-road inductive charging of EV will remove the necessity for any cables, eliminate range anxiety issues and pave the way for automated driving. The electromagnetic and power converter design for contactless power transfer systems for future highways is reviewed in this paper.

Reliability of Power Electronic Systems for EV/HEV Applications

“…According to SAE J1772 [29], three power levels are defined for OBCs. The power level depends on the available voltage and current capacity from the main grid, and it can be as low as 1.9-43 kW [30]. Single-phase OBC is the most adopted charger in the current vehicles, and it can be rated as high as 19.2 kW.…”

Rating a Stationary Energy Storage System Within a Fast Electric Vehicle Charging Station Considering User Waiting Times

“…Currently the fastest charging EVs are the Tesla Model S and Model X, both of which can recharge at 120 kW [3]. In the future, to combat potential EV owners concerns, EV charging powers are likely to increase, with 350-400 kW charging stations being proposed [4]. A summary of EV chargers can be seen in Table I With increasing numbers of EVs, meaning fast charging stations are used more frequently, and higher fast charging powers, issues can arise for the electricity grid infrastructure [7].…”

Modeling and Analysis Range Extender for Battery Electric Vehicles

“…There are many different technological solutions that aim to increase the range of vehicles while minimizing the emission of harmful greenhouse gases. These solutions include, inter alia, the installation of power lines for the vehicle, installed over the road on which it moves [5] or the construction of a road covered with photovoltaic panels with devices for wireless transmission of energy directly to the vehicle [6,7]. Another solution to augment an electric propulsion system is to support it with a combustion engine [8][9][10], micro gas turbine [11][12][13], fuel cells [14][15][16][17][18][19][20], supercapacitors [21], or various types of batteries with the possibility of their charging while driving [22][23][24][25][26].…”