Future of Chondroprotectors in the Treatment of Degenerative Processes of Connective Tissue

Abstract

Osteoarthritis is one of the most common diseases of the connective tissue of the elderly. It was found that most epidemiological studies used the Kellgren and Lawrence system for classification of osteoarthritis, which indicates one of the 5 degrees (0–4) of osteoarthritis in various joints according to the radiographic atlas. It has been proven that chondroprotectors are represented by the following active substances: chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine sulfate or hydrochloride, hyaluronic acid, glycosaminoglycans, extraction preparations from animal or plant raw materials. The sources of raw materials for the manufacture of combined chondroprotectors are known, methods for their preparation and use are described. The main drugs on the chondroprotective market are presented. The effectiveness of their use for the treatment of osteoarthritis has been proven. It was found that preparations containing chondroitin sulfate have anti-inflammatory activity, affecting mainly the cellular component of inflammation, stimulate the synthesis of hyaluronic acid and proteoglycans. Methods of treating osteoarthritis using cell therapy (the use of readily available, highly proliferative, and multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells) are presented.

Drug Screening Implicates Chondroitin Sulfate as a Potential Longevity Pill

“…In proteomics analysis of osteoarthritis patient-derived chondrocytes, ex-vivo chondroitin sulfate supplementation mainly resulted in remodeling of extracellular proteins and some inflammatory-associated proteins ( Calamia et al, 2012a ). This is consistent with many animal and human studies showing that chondroitin sulfate supplementation inhibits cartilage destruction and stimulates proteoglycan production for bolstering the connective tissues ( Bassleer et al, 1998 ; Omata et al, 2000 ; Tahiri et al, 2007 ; Huskisson, 2008 ; Taniguchi et al, 2011 ; Martel-Pelletier et al, 2015 ; Sukhikh et al, 2020 ). Taken together, supplementing with chondroitin sulfate tips the balance towards prolonged extracellular matrix protein homeostasis, a requisite for healthy aging ( Figure 1 ).…”

Hyaluronic Acid-Modified and Doxorubicin-Loaded Gold Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Bioactivity

“…Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a macromolecule from a natural source, widely used in biomedical applications due to its good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low toxicity, especially in cosmetics, treatments for arthritis, and drug delivery [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Recent studies have demonstrated that the surface of cancer cells over-express the CD44 receptors on their surface, to which HA strongly binds [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ].…”

Measurement of the Clinical Effects of a Marine Fish Extract on Periodontal Healing—A Preliminary Clinical Interventional Study

“…If the regenerative effects proven by studies [21,24] can be expanded on periodontal lesions, we expect Alflutop ® therapy to have a long-term stimulation effect on the alveolar bone's regeneration, but this will be a subject of future research. It has been shown that biomaterials for the periodontal ligament and bone regeneration provide good results in terms of maintaining bone volume, also offering a high percentage of vitality, safety, and lack of complications [24,26,31].…”