Future of CEI

Stafford, John K.

doi:10.1049/tpe.1974.0123

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…This includes metabolic systems in which catalytic efficiency and control of end-product specificity can be enhanced by the assembly of enzymes into macromolecular complexes. The idea that phenylpropanoid and flavonoid metabolism may involve macromolecular enzyme assemblies can be traced back 35 years to Helen Stafford's suggestion that this organization might regulate the partitioning of intermediates among competing pathways and determine the intracellular deposition of end products (25,43). Biochemical data in support of this concept subsequently led to a model suggesting that these pathways are assembled as a linear array of sequential enzymes loosely anchored to the cytoplasmic face of endoplasmic reticulum membranes (29,33).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions among enzymes of the Arabidopsis flavonoid biosynthetic pathway

Burbulis

Winkel-Shirley

1999

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

336

209

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions among enzymes of the Arabidopsis flavonoid biosynthetic pathway

Burbulis

Winkel-Shirley

1999

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

336

209

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“…This is somewhat surprising because flavonoids are well known to bind to proteins and nucleic acids and could therefore interfere with essential biological processes (32,33). Although the physiological roles of flavonoids in plant cell nuclei are far from clear, it has been suggested that these compounds may serve to protect DNA from UV and oxidative damage (30) or directly or indirectly control the transcription of genes required for growth and development including those encoding auxin transport proteins (23,28,29).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear Localization of Flavonoid Enzymes in Arabidopsis

Saslowsky¹,

Warek²,

Winkel

2005

Journal of Biological Chemistry

208

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Flavonoids represent one of the oldest, largest, and most diverse families of plant secondary metabolites. These compounds serve a wide range of functions in plants, from pigmentation and UV protection to the regulation of hormone transport. Flavonoids also have interesting pharmacological activities in animals that are increasingly being characterized in terms of effects on specific proteins or other macromolecules. Although flavonoids are found in many different locations both inside and outside the cell, biosynthesis has long been believed to take place exclusively in the cytoplasm. Recent reports from a number of different plant species have documented the presence of flavonoids in nuclei, raising the possibility of novel mechanisms of action for these compounds. Here we present evidence that not only flavonoids, but also at least two of the biosynthetic enzymes, are located in the nucleus in several cell types in Arabidopsis. This is the first indication that differential targeting of the biosynthetic machinery may be used to regulate the deposition of plant secondary products at diverse sites of action within the cell.Flavonoids represent a major class of plant secondary metabolites that include the flavonols, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins), and isoflavonoids. These compounds are well known for their roles in flower pigmentation, UV protection, signaling, male fertility, and defense against microbial pathogens (1-3). Flavonoids are also of significant interest as antioxidant and anticancer agents in the human diet (4 -7), and nutritional engineering is being used to modify the types and amounts of flavonoids produced by vegetable crops such as tomato and soybean (8 -10).Flavonoids are synthesized via a well-characterized biosynthetic pathway that has been localized to the cytoplasm in many different plant species (11-13). The products are then deposited in a variety of cellular locations. In some tissues, such as the epidermis of leaves and flowers and endothelium of the developing seed coat, flavonoids are transported primarily to the vacuole by processes that appear to involve multidrug resistance-associated protein or multidrug and toxic compound extrusion proteins (14 -16). In other tissues, a significant proportion of flavonoids are deposited in the cell wall (17)(18)(19)(20) or secreted (21-23). Vesicles apparently involved in transport of flavonoids to the cell periphery have been described in sorghum plants responding to fungal infection (24) and in maize cells induced to accumulate anthocyanins (25). This localization may occur via alternative secretory pathways not involving the Golgi (26). Flavonoids that regulate basipetal auxin transport in the root may also be moved across the cell in some manner because flavonoid enzymes have been localized to the opposite end of the cell from the auxin transport proteins, with which flavonoids are proposed to interact (27). A large proportion of flavonoids can even remain in the cytoplasm in some tissues; for example, interaction of fla...

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“…. and the possibilitity that multienzyme 'complexes are involved in lignification [84] is appealing.Lignification, like flavonoid production, is a rapid process, subject to easy perturbation by chemical and physical factors of many kinds. Regulation, in vivo, is likely to be a very complicated process because it is closely tied to cell differentiation, particularly xylogenesis or development of xylem [33].…”

Section: Fig 13b Alternative Scheme For Biogenesis Of Curcumin In Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We will attempt, however, to bring the subject up-to-date and to point to some areas of cinnamate metabolism that need study. A number of attempts have been made to discuss regulation of phenylpropanoid metabolism in terms of cellular compartmentalisation [3,34,84, 851. Since this is a subject for a review of its own it will not be dealt with here.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenylpropanoid Metabolism

Towers¹,

Wat²

1979

Planta Med

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Enzymes for the biosyntheses of the major phenylpropanoid derivatives in vascular plants, namely flavonoids, lignins and cinnamyl esters are now known. The cinnamate pathway to these compounds is reviewed briefly and brought up-to-date. Remaining problems, such as the regulation by light and other factors as well as compartmentalization of phenylpropanoid metabolism are being studied in many laboratories. The physiological importance of low molecular weight cinnamyl compounds needs attention.Pioneer tracer studies by the schools of NEISH [24], FREUDENBERG [24] and This document was downloaded for personal use only. Unauthorized distribution is strictly prohibited.

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Future of CEI

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Interactions among enzymes of the Arabidopsis flavonoid biosynthetic pathway

Interactions among enzymes of the Arabidopsis flavonoid biosynthetic pathway

Nuclear Localization of Flavonoid Enzymes in Arabidopsis

Phenylpropanoid Metabolism

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