Future lab-on-a-chip technologies for interrogating individual molecules

Craighead, Harold G.

doi:10.1038/nature05061

Cited by 622 publications

(403 citation statements)

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“…[1][2][3] Lab-on-a-chip applications frequently employ microor nanofluidic structures. [4][5][6][7] However, these approaches do not change the outcome of a chemical reaction. Optical trapping on the other hand, being compatible with micro-or nanofluidic systems, is a well-established technique that has been widely applied to singlemolecule force and optical spectroscopy, non-invasive manipulation, and chemical reactions monitoring .…”

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Enhancing Single-Nanoparticle Surface-Chemistry by Plasmonic Overheating in an Optical Trap

Lutich

et al. 2012

Nano Lett.

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Surface-chemistry of individual, optically trapped plasmonic nanoparticles is modified and accelerated by plasmonic overheating. Depending on the optical trapping power, gold nanorods can exhibit red-shifts of their plasmon resonance (i.e. increasing aspect ratio) under oxidative conditions. In contrast, in bulk exclusively blue shifts (decreasing aspect ratios) are observed. Supported by calculations, we explain this finding by local temperatures in the trap exceeding the boiling point of the solvent which can not be achieved in bulk.Keywords noble metal nanoparticles; plasmon resonance; colloidal chemistry; nano-/microfluidics; gold nanorods; plasmonic heating Miniaturization is a successful approach to faster, more efficient applications in physics and chemistry. In chemistry, the reduction of reaction volumes is expected to lead to highthroughput, portable analytical and sensing applications, and fundamental insights into single-molecule chemical reactions. [1][2][3] Lab-on-a-chip applications frequently employ microor nanofluidic structures. [4][5][6][7] However, these approaches do not change the outcome of a chemical reaction. Optical trapping on the other hand, being compatible with micro-or nanofluidic systems, is a well-established technique that has been widely applied to singlemolecule force and optical spectroscopy, non-invasive manipulation, and chemical reactions monitoring . [8][9][10][11][12][13] More recently, optical trapping has been applied to plasmonic noble metal nanoparticles. [14][15][16] Due to their localized surface plasmon resonances, noble metal nanoparticles provide strongly enhanced and highly localized electromagnetic fields close to their surface. 17 Their optical and field-enhancing properties allow for manipulating and enhancing fluorescence, Raman scattering, charge and energy transfer, and local temperature. [18][19][20][21] The surface plasmon resonances can be tuned through controlling size, shape and material of the nanoparticles via advanced colloidal chemistry. 22 Gold nanorods for instance, display two different plasmon modes: one transversal, in which the electrons oscillate perpendicular to the long axis of the rod, and the other red shifted longitudinal, in which the electrons oscillate along the long axis of the nanorod. 23 Europe PMC Funders Author Manuscripts sensitively depends on the nanorod's aspect ratio: the higher the aspect ratio, the more red shifted the longitudinal plasmon resonance.Here we apply the plasmonic heating effect of a single gold nanoparticle in an optical trap to both accelerate and modify chemical reactions on the surface of the particle. We show that individual optically trapped plasmonic particles modify and accelerate surface-chemistry by plasmonic overheating to yield different and faster results than the corresponding bulk reactions. Individual gold nanorods under oxidative conditions can display a red-shift of their localized surface plasmon resonances corresponding to an increasing aspect ratio, while in bulk exclusively bl...

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Enhancing Single-Nanoparticle Surface-Chemistry by Plasmonic Overheating in an Optical Trap

Lutich

et al. 2012

Nano Lett.

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“…Nanofluidics aims to exploit the ability of nanoscale devices to manipulate and analyze single molecules (1). Single-molecule analysis devices obviate the need for cloning and molecular amplification steps and will enable researchers to detect phenomena that in the past would have been obscured by ensemble averaging.…”

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Single-molecule denaturation mapping of DNA in nanofluidic channels

Reisner

Larsen

Silahtaroglu

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

189

209

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Here we explore the potential power of denaturation mapping as a single-molecule technique. By partially denaturing YOYO®-1-labeled DNA in nanofluidic channels with a combination of formamide and local heating, we obtain a sequence-dependent "barcode" corresponding to a series of local dips and peaks in the intensity trace along the extended molecule. We demonstrate that this structure arises from the physics of local denaturation: statistical mechanical calculations of sequence-dependent melting probability can predict the barcode to be observed experimentally for a given sequence. Consequently, the technique is sensitive to sequence variation without requiring enzymatic labeling or a restriction step. This technique may serve as the basis for a new mapping technology ideally suited for investigating the long-range structure of entire genomes extracted from single cells.DNA barcoding | DNA denaturation | DNA optical mapping | nanochannel N anofabrication technology, developed originally for the integrated circuit industry, has over the past decade been increasingly applied to build small-scale fluidic devices, giving rise to a science of "nanofluidics." Nanofluidics aims to exploit the ability of nanoscale devices to manipulate and analyze single molecules (1). Single-molecule analysis devices obviate the need for cloning and molecular amplification steps and will enable researchers to detect phenomena that in the past would have been obscured by ensemble averaging. In particular, nanofluidics aims to develop on-chip methods for rapidly and cheaply reading out sequence information from single large intact DNA molecules (hundreds of kbp long), with the ultimate goal of directly analyzing single genomes extracted from single cells. For example, such a single-molecule analysis capability could potentially be used to characterize the extent and dynamics of genetic heterogeneity, i.e., local variation of genotype among a population of cells from the same bacterial strain/tissue. In particular, substantial genetic heterogeneity can be present in bacterial colonies (biofilms) (2) and cancer (3), reflecting local adaptations of the cells to varying conditions within the evolving biofilm/tumor (e.g., oxygen and nutrient level). Genetic heterogeneity in these systems is believed to be a crucial factor in determining resistance to therapy.At the heart of our device are nanochannel structures in which DNA molecules spontaneously stretch out (4-7), creating an extension of the molecule along the channel linear with molecule contour length (6). Nanochannel arrays interfaced with microfluidic loading channels serve as a highly parallel platform for performing physical mapping of DNA (5). Nano-confinementbased stretching does not require complicated setups or additional microfluidic plumbing to create an external stretching force, enabling easy automation, rapid acquisition of high statistics, and, eventually, savings for commercial realizations of the technique.Nanochannel stretching of DNA can be combined with denaturation m...

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“…Among such applications, biosensors are very promising especially from the point of view of lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technologies. 1 Indeed, plasmon resonances are characterized by both a strong electric field and a great sensitivity to environmental conditions. As a consequence, adsorbed species can be detected through the resonance wavelength shift.…”

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Graphene-coated holey metal films: Tunable molecular sensing by surface plasmon resonance

Reckinger

Vlad

Melinte

et al. 2013

Applied Physics Letters

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† These authors contributed equally to this workWe report on the enhancement of surface plasmon resonances in a holey bidimensional grating of subwavelength size, drilled in a gold thin film coated by a graphene sheet. The enhancement originates from the coupling between charge carriers in graphene and gold surface plasmons. The main plasmon resonance peak is located around 1.5 µm. A lower constraint on the gold-induced doping concentration of graphene is specified and the interest of this architecture for molecular sensing is also highlighted. † These authors contributed equally to this work.PACS numbers: 78.67. Wj, 73.20.Mf, 42.79.Dj, 07.07.Df Plasmonic devices offer valuable platforms for a wide range of emerging molecular detection schemes. Among such applications, biosensors are very promising especially from the point of view of lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technologies. 1 Indeed, plasmon resonances are characterized by both a strong electric field and a great sensitivity to environmental conditions. As a consequence, adsorbed species can be detected through the resonance wavelength shift. In addition, the strong electric field enhancement allows for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, which can be used for single molecule detection. 2 Surface plasmons (SPs) require specific conditions to be excited. For instance, in the Kretschmann configuration, a light beam is totally internally reflected in a prism on which a metallic film is deposited and triggers the generation of SPs. 3 In a holey metal film, SPs can be excited by a normal incidence light beam. 4 Light is scattered due to the corrugations and the evanescent diffraction orders can excite SPs. 5 For a metallic layer accommodating an array of holes with subwavelength size, it is possible to probe SPs by simply measuring the intensity of the transmitted light. Such a simple configuration is much more practical in the LOC context and it has been widely studied since the pioneering work of Ebbesen et al. in 1998. 4 Recent theoretical works have shown that doping can induce SP modes in graphene. 6-8 Graphene, which appears as a monoatomic layer made of sp 2 carbon atoms in a hexagonal lattice configuration, presents a plethora of amazing properties. 9 In that context, SPs have been observed for graphene doped by charge transfer from metal thin films, 10-13 external atoms 14 or electrostatic gating 15,16 . It has been also suggested that SPs could be excited in graphene on a periodically structured * e-mail: michael.sarrazin@unamur.be substrate 17,18 or via regular patterns in graphene. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25] A recent experimental result showed that graphene SPs can be excited in a Kretschmann configuration using graphene deposited on a planar gold layer. 10 A different approach 26 was used in which SP resonance tunability was achieved by electromagnetic field coupling between a graphene sheet and SPs excited in gold nanoparticles.In the present work, we describe and study an opti-

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Future lab-on-a-chip technologies for interrogating individual molecules

Cited by 622 publications

References 82 publications

Enhancing Single-Nanoparticle Surface-Chemistry by Plasmonic Overheating in an Optical Trap

Enhancing Single-Nanoparticle Surface-Chemistry by Plasmonic Overheating in an Optical Trap

Single-molecule denaturation mapping of DNA in nanofluidic channels

Graphene-coated holey metal films: Tunable molecular sensing by surface plasmon resonance

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