Future Hydrogen Markets for Transportation and Industry: The Impact of CO2 Taxes

Abstract

The technological lock-in of the transportation and industrial sector can be largely attributed to the limited availability of alternative fuel infrastructures. Herein, a countrywide supply chain analysis of Germany, spanning until 2050, is applied to investigate promising infrastructure development pathways and associated hydrogen distribution costs for each analyzed hydrogen market. Analyzed supply chain pathways include seasonal storage to balance fluctuating renewable power generation with necessary purification, as well as trailer- and pipeline-based hydrogen delivery. The analysis encompasses green hydrogen feedstock in the chemical industry and fuel cell-based mobility applications, such as local buses, non-electrified regional trains, material handling vehicles, and trucks, as well as passenger cars. Our results indicate that the utilization of low-cost, long-term storage and improved refueling station utilization have the highest impact during the market introduction phase. We find that public transport and captive fleets offer a cost-efficient countrywide renewable hydrogen supply roll-out option. Furthermore, we show that, at comparable effective carbon tax resulting from the current energy tax rates in Germany, hydrogen is cost-competitive in the transportation sector by the year 2025. Moreover, we show that sector-specific CO2 taxes are required to provide a cost-competitive green hydrogen supply in both the transportation and industrial sectors.

Options of natural gas pipeline reassignment for hydrogen: Cost assessment for a Germany case study

“…The hydrogen supply chain modeling methodology applied for system-wide infrastructure analysis is derived from Cerniauskas et al and Reuß et al [5,9]. The detailed modeling of the components and relevant geospatial constraints enables not only the design of equipment in accordance with the required capacity, purity and output pressure, but also to include the demand distribution, scaling and utilization of distributed operational assets in the region.…”

“…The analysis of the scenarios is based on the demand scenario for the specific year of 2030, thus allowing the comparison of the geospatial distribution of reassigned pipelines, as well as the associated cost effects. The underlying hydrogen demand scenario for Germany is derived from the market-specific trend overview by Cerniauskas et al [9]. The scenario encompasses future hydrogen markets of local buses, non-electrified trains, passenger cars, trucks, material handling vehicles (MHV) and the chemical industry.…”

“…To close this research gap, we estimate the cost of different pipeline reassignment alternatives and, by applying geospatial supply chain analysis, we assess nationwide hydrogen cost development with increasing hydrogen demand. The emphasis of this study is on the transmission pipelines, due to the fact that long-distance hydrogen delivery has a decisive impact on the final cost of hydrogen during the infrastructure introduction phase [9]. The analyzed NG pipeline reassignment options encompass the admixture of inhibitors to the hydrogen stream, the coating of the pipelines, the implementation of an additional pipeline within existing pipelines and the use of pipelines without substantial modifications while managing hydrogen-induced material degradation.…”

Research on Intelligent Decision of Low Carbon Supply Chain Based on Carbon Tax Constraints in Human-Driven Edge Computing

“…Tseng S H et al investigated how to balance the relationship between total cost and carbon emissions by combining the JIT system with ILOG CPLEX12.4 in two different return vehicle transportation scenarios [28]. In the field of alternative energy, Cerniauskas S et al studied how to apply cost-competitive hydrogen energy to the transportation and industrial fields [29]. In addition, Many manufacturers and retailers are now keen to use the green supply chain services provided by third-party logistics companies.…”

Transient Flow Characteristic of High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas in Check Valve during the Opening Process

“…With the rapid development of hydrogen energy and fuel-cell technology [1,2], hydrogen systems, in particular hydrogen-production, -storage, -transportation, and fuel-cell applications attract an increasing amount of research interest [3][4][5]. Because of higher efficiency and better economics, both storage and the transportation of hydrogen uses mainly high-pressure technology [6,7].…”