Future HAB science: Directions and challenges in a changing climate

Wells, Mark L.; Karlson, Bengt; Wulff, Angela; Kudela, Raphael M.; Trick, Charles G.; Asnaghi, Valentina; Berdalet, Elisa; Cochlan, William P.; Davidson, Keith; Rijcke, Maarten De; Dutkiewicz, Stephanie; Hallegraeff, Gustaaf M.; Flynn, Kevin J.; Legrand, Catherine; Paerl, Hans W.; Silke, Joe; Suikkanen, Sanna; Thompson, P. A.; Trainer, Vera L.

doi:10.1016/j.hal.2019.101632

Cited by 246 publications

(143 citation statements)

References 161 publications

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“…Will reductions of microcystin require active nutrient management of surrounding inland waters, while reductions of marine algal toxins require reduction of wastewater nutrient inputs to the Bay? The global HAB community has recently provided guidance about research approaches for answering these kinds of questions (Wells et al 2019). The stakes are high because if the chronic presence of algal toxins in San Francisco Bay is a consequence of nutrient enrichment, then this would be compelling evidence of current impairment and a need for regulatory actions to reduce nutrient loadings.…”

Section: Responses Of the Scientific Communitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrient Status of San Francisco Bay and Its Management Implications

Cloern

Schraga

Nejad

et al. 2020

Estuaries and Coasts

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Nutrient enrichment has degraded many of the world's estuaries by amplifying algal production, leading to hypoxia/anoxia, loss of vascular plants and fish/shellfish habitat, and expansion of harmful blooms (HABs). Policies to protect coastal waters from the effects of nutrient enrichment require information to determine if a water body is impaired by nutrients and if regulatory actions are required. We compiled information to inform these decisions for San Francisco Bay (SFB), an urban estuary where the best path toward nutrient management is not yet clear. Our results show that SFB has high nutrient loadings, primarily from municipal wastewater; there is potential for high algal production, but that production is not fully realized; and SFB is not impaired by hypoxia or recurrent HABs. However, our assessment includes reasons for concern: nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations higher than those in other estuaries impaired by nutrient pollution, chronic presences of multiple algal toxins, a recent increase of primary production, and projected future hydroclimatic conditions that could increase the magnitude and frequency of algal blooms. Policymakers thus face the challenge of determining the appropriate protective policy for SFB. We identify three crucial next steps for meeting this challenge: (1) new research to determine if algal toxins can be reduced through nutrient management, (2) establish management goals as numeric targets, and (3) determine the magnitude of nutrient load reduction required to meet those targets. Our case study illustrates how scientific information can be acquired and communicated to inform policymakers about the status of nutrient pollution, its risks, and strategies for minimizing those risks.

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Section: Responses Of the Scientific Communitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrient Status of San Francisco Bay and Its Management Implications

Cloern

Schraga

Nejad

et al. 2020

Estuaries and Coasts

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“…Verifying them is a research priority (GlobalHAB, 2017; e.g. Wells et al 2015Wells et al , 2019. Apparent increased frequencies of HABs may be due to a combination of factors (see Figure 1) including: (i) warming sea surface temperatures, and associated water column stratification and range extensions of tropical organisms, including toxic species; (ii) increased frequency and intensity of storm events and flooding and associated increasing nutrient inputs, upwelling intensities and wider HAB dispersal; (iii) increasing anthropogenic pressures on the marine environment, notably land-and sea-based nutrient enrichment and disturbance of coastal habitats; and (iv) increased awareness and improvements in HAB monitoring systems (Hallegraeff 1993;Raine et al 2008;Anderson 2012;Bresnan et al 2013;Wells et al 2015;Gobler et al 2017;Anderson et al 2019).…”

Section: Environmental Factors Contributing To Hab Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Holistic environmental management of HABs addressing causative factors (e.g. minimising nutrient inputs from landbased sources and from mariculture itself) or preserving habitats and ecosystem services that help regulate HABs, may be simpler, more effective and more environmentally friendly (WHO, 2003;Wells et al 2019) than attempting to control HAB outbreaks directly (Section 'Direct interventions for controlling HAB impacts'). For example, nutrient enrichment can be managed through the use of 'extractive' shellfish and macro-algal species.…”

Section: Holistic Environmental Management Options For Minimising Habmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further developments in IMTA, including deploying aquaculture species that are less sensitive to, or less likely to accumulate, toxins from locally re-occurring HAB species, are likely to be required to maximise benefits in terms of mitigating against HAB impacts. The long-term sustainability of IMTA for mitigating HAB risk with climate change also requires further research (Wells et al 2019). For example, China has some of the world's largest and longest established IMTA systems, including a multi-trophic system established in 1996 in Sanggou Bay, Yellow Sea (Fang et al 2016).…”

Section: Holistic Environmental Management Options For Minimising Habmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing risks and mitigating impacts of harmful algal blooms on mariculture and marine fisheries

Brown

Lilley

Shutler

et al. 2019

Reviews in Aquaculture

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111

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Aquaculture is the fastest growing food sector globally and protein provisioning from aquaculture now exceeds that from wild capture fisheries. There is clear potential for the further expansion of marine aquaculture (mariculture), but there are associated risks. Some naturally occurring algae can proliferate under certain environmental conditions, causing deoxygenation of seawater, or releasing toxic compounds (phycotoxins), which can harm wild and cultured finfish and shellfish, and also human consumers. The impacts of these so-called harmful algal blooms (HABs) amount to approximately 8 $billion/yr globally, due to mass mortalities in finfish, harvesting bans preventing the sale of shellfish that have accumulated unsafe levels of HAB phycotoxins and unavoided human health costs. Here, we provide a critical review and analysis of HAB impacts on mariculture (and wild capture fisheries) and recommend research to identify ways to minimise their impacts to the industry. We examine causal factors for HAB development in inshore versus offshore locations and consider how mariculture itself, in its various forms, may exacerbate or mitigate HAB risk. From a management perspective, there is considerable scope for strategic siting of offshore mariculture and holistic Environmental Approaches for Aquaculture, such as offsetting nutrient outputs from finfish farming, via the co-location of extractive shellfish and macroalgae. Such pre-emptive, ecosystem-based approaches are preferable to reactive physical, chemical or microbiological control measures aiming to remove or neutralise HABs and their phycotxins. To facilitate mariculture expansion and long-term sustainability, it is also essential to evaluate HAB risk in conjunction with climate change.

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“…In particular, ocean warming can favor the biogeographic extension of tropical and subtropical organisms, such as Gambierdiscus species, to more temperate latitudes, increasing the threat of CFP. Nevertheless, future trends are uncertain (e.g., Wells et al, 2019), while the identification of new toxins can complicate the risks to human health (see e.g., revision in Berdalet et al, 2015).…”

Section: Harmful Algal Blooms As a Paradigm Of The Interconnection Bementioning

confidence: 99%

Moving Toward an Agenda on Ocean Health and Human Health in Europe

Borja¹,

White

Berdalet

et al. 2020

Front. Mar. Sci.

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The integrated study of ocean health and human health is an emerging area of increasing global importance. Growing evidences demonstrate that the health of the ocean and the health of humans have always been and will continue to be, inextricably linked. Our actions toward the oceans will significantly influence the future of the whole planet and, in turn, our own health. The current review of these issues arose from a summer school in San Sebastian (Spain), from 5th to 7th June, 2019. An interdisciplinary group of researchers discussed key risks (e.g., microbial pollution, pharmaceuticals, harmful algal blooms, plastic pollution) and benefits (e.g., bathing waters, recreation, tourism) of the seas and global ocean for humanity; and debated the future priorities and potential actions for a joint Oceans and Human Health research and governance programme in Europe. The aim of this review is to contribute to the emerging scientific agenda on ocean health and human health, as well as coordinate efforts with stakeholders, policy makers and the general public. This agenda operates within the larger context of the upcoming United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development: 2021-2030, which strives to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), including healthy (human) lives and well-being (SDG3) and conserving and sustainably using the oceans (SDG14), among others. In addition to summarizing some of the key risks and benefits, therefore, we describe the governance of oceans and health interactions (especially in Europe), and we finish by proposing a list of elements for potential future research priorities on oceans and human health.

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Future HAB science: Directions and challenges in a changing climate

Cited by 246 publications

References 161 publications

Nutrient Status of San Francisco Bay and Its Management Implications

Nutrient Status of San Francisco Bay and Its Management Implications

Assessing risks and mitigating impacts of harmful algal blooms on mariculture and marine fisheries

Moving Toward an Agenda on Ocean Health and Human Health in Europe

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