Future feed resources in sustainable salmonid production: A review

Abstract

Aquaculture is one of the most resource-efficient and sustainable ways to produce animal protein. The Food and Agriculture Organization predicts that cultivated aquatic species will provide around 53% of the world's seafood supply by 2030.Further growth of intensive farmed aquatic species may be limited by a shortage of feed resources. The aquaculture sector therefore needs to intensify its search for alternative ingredients based on renewable natural resources. A significant increase in production will require an accelerated transition in technology and production systems, better use of natural available resources, development of high-quality alternative feed resources and exploitation of available space. The present review discusses the urgent need to identify appropriate alternative ingredients for a sustainable future salmonid production. We describe and evaluate the most promising marine ingredients, including low-trophic species (mesopelagic fish, zooplankton, polychaetes, macroalgae and crustaceans), novel microbial ingredients (bacteria, yeast and microalgae), insects (black soldier fly, yellow meal worm and crickets), animal byproducts (poultry meal, meat and bone meal, blood meal and hydrolysed feather meal) and by-products from other commercial productions (trimmings and blood). Furthermore, we discuss the available volumes and need for new processing technologies and refining methods to ensure commercial production of nutritionally healthy ingredients. The essential production steps and considerations for future development of sustainable and safe seafood production are also discussed.

A commercial blend of macroalgae and microalgae promotes digestibility, growth performance, and muscle nutritional value of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) juveniles

“…Most research on alternative aquafeed ingredients has focused on alternative plants, rendered animal and aquaculture byproducts, insects, single-cell organisms, and algae (8)(9)(10). Algae, including microalgae and macroalgae, are of particular interest due to their high growth rates and biomass productivity, low environmental footprint, and non-competition with other cultures for arable land, being even able to grow in waste water (11).…”

A sustainability assessment framework for genome-edited salmon

“…The wild salmon in Norway is at present considered to be an endangered species, and entered the Red List as near threatened in 2021 (Hesthagen et al, 2021). Another challenge is feed, although the use of fish meal and oil has been reduced, the industry is still dependent om imported feed resources as soy, showing the importance to find alternative feed ingredients of superior quality from local sources (Albrektsen et al, 2022).…”

Life history traits for Ophryotrocha craigsmithi (Wiklund, Glover & Dahlgren, 2009), a candidate species in integrated multitrophic aquaculture

“…Their nutritional value makes them attractive for the aquaculture feed industry as an ingredient in future feed formulations (Nederlof et al, 2019). The demand for high-quality feed ingredients is increasing as the industry grow, and the need for these ingredients to be sustainably sourced is crucial for further expansion of the industry (Albrektsen et al, 2022). Combining the traits described above has led to the suggestion of farming O. craigsmithi in benthic IMTA systems (Fang et al, 2018;Jansen et al, 2019;Nederlof et al, 2020).…”