“…Kimmich and Isermann (2002) model the overall sensor dynamics for an oxygen sensor as an affine function of the air mass flow rate. Rosefort et al (2010) theoretically show that the overall measurement dynamics of exhaust gas measurements consist of many dead times, but do not quantify them. Tschanz et al (2010) give a detailed investigation of the variable gas propagation time as presented here for a micro soot sensor and assume a fixed gas mixing time constant of 0.25 s.…”