Future directions in advanced penile cancer – mechanisms of carcinogenesis and a search for targeted therapy

Abstract

Penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare and aggressive urological malignancy. Advanced penile SCC requires multimodal management, including surgery and systemic therapy. Given its rarity, there have been few substantial advances in our understanding of the molecular and genomic drivers of penile SCC, especially for patients with relapsed or advanced disease. In this review, we discuss the molecular and genomic landscape of penile SCC, clinical trials in progress and implications for novel therapeutic targets. Future work should focus on preclinical models to provide a platform for investigation and validation of new molecular pathways for testing of therapeutics.

Equine Genital Squamous Cell Carcinoma Associated with EcPV2 Infection: RANKL Pathway Correlated to Inflammation and Wnt Signaling Activation

“…Indeed, two different pathways seem to be associated with human vulvar and penile SCC, HPV-related and HPV-independent. The latter is often characterized by DNA mutation of TP53 and PTEN genes, allelic imbalance, microsatellite instability, loss of heterozygosity, or hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes and genes acting for genome stability [44,45]. In HPV-related SCC, E6 and E7 viral oncogene products have a crucial role for carcinogenesis, interacting with host cell p53 and Rb proteins, leading to p53 dysfunction and Rb inactivation.…”

Equine Penile Squamous Cell Carcinomas as a Model for Human Disease: A Preliminary Investigation on Tumor Immune Microenvironment

“…Both of our samples negative for L1 DNA were histologically diagnosed as SCCs. As in men, equine penile SCCs can also be caused by other agents, such as UV radiation or chronic inflammation [18,40].…”

Efficacy of Applying Kanglaite Injection under Incentive Nursing Intervention in Treating Patients with Advanced Penile Carcinoma and Its Effect on Treatment Compliance

“…The clinical data of patients with advanced carcinoma of the penis treated in Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University from February 2019 to February 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were included according to the following criteria: (1) the patients were diagnosed with penile carcinoma after biopsy [ 12 ] and were in stage III or IV according to the Jackson staging method [ 13 ]; (2) the patients were treated in our hospital throughout, with no occurrence of death, transfer, and discontinuation of therapy; (3) the patients had complete clinical data; and (4) the patients did not have other serious complications. The patients were excluded according to the following criteria: (1) the patients were unable to communicate with others because of hearing disorder, language disorder, unconsciousness, or mental diseases; (2) during treatment, the patients quit, died, changed the treatment regimen, or were found missing in the follow-up visit; (3) the patients suffered from other serious organic diseases; and (4) the patients' clinical data were incomplete.…”

“…The study met the principle of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki [ 12 ] and was approved by the ethics committee of Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University. The study team explained the purpose, meaning, content, and confidentiality of the study to the enrolled patients, and the patients signed the informed consent.…”