Future direction in marine bacterial agarases for industrial applications

Abstract

The marine ecosystem has been known to be a rich source of novel enzymes. Agarase is a key enzyme that can hydrolyze agar in the marine environment. Marine bacterial agarase has been isolated from various sources, such as sediments, coastal water, and deep sea and from the surface of crustaceans and seaweeds. This review presents an account of the agarase production of marine bacteria. General information about agar, agarase, isolation, and purification of marine bacterial agarases; the biochemical properties of native agarase from marine bacteria; the biochemical properties of recombinant marine bacterial agarases from engineered microorganisms; and the industrial future of marine bacterial agarases is analyzed. With recent biotechnological processes, researchers need novel functional enzymes like agarase from marine resources, such as marine bacteria, that can be used for diverse applications in the biotechnological industry. Marine bacterial agarases might be of significant interest to the industry because they are safe and are a natural source. This review highlights the potential of marine bacteria as important sources of agarase for application in various industries.

Keratinolytic activity of Bacillus subtilis LFB-FIOCRUZ 1266 enhanced by whole-cell mutagenesis

“…Several works have been published, describing the production and analysis of enzyme-producing strains and selecting recombinants in order to improve the production of bacterial enzymes for industrial applications Deng et al 2018;Jahromi et al 2018;Zhu et al 2018).Our results show that the mutants of B. subtilis with increased keratinolytic activity were able to fulfill food and feed approval standards, especially with regard to safety have a potential use (as whole cell catalysts or enzyme blends) to improve the nutritional value of food and feed, as well as uses in the cosmetic, textile and leather industries.…”

Biochemical Characterization of a New β-Agarase from Cellulophaga algicola

“…Agar is an algal galactan extracted from marine red algae ( Rhodophyta ), such as Gelidium , Gracilaria , and Porphyra [1,2]. The backbone structure of agar generally consists of alternating 3-O-β-D-galactose and 4-O-α-L-galactose [3]. Agars derived from different red algal species have variable chemical structures.…”

“…A significant proportion of α-L-galactose residues are present in derivatized forms with substitutions of sulfate esters, methyl esters, and pyruvate acetals [4]. A linear galactan comprised of repetitive disaccharide units of β-D-galactose (G)/3,6-anhydro-α-L-galactose (L-AHG) is termed agarose [3]. Agarose constitutes the main fractions of agars from the Geldium and Gracillaria sp.…”

“…Agarose constitutes the main fractions of agars from the Geldium and Gracillaria sp. [3,4]. The agar material, extracted from Porphyra sp.…”

Whole genome sequence of a freshwater agar-degrading bacterium Cellvibrio sp. KY-GH-1

“…Although numerous researchers have studied the biochemical and enzymatic properties of bacterial agarases, they have examined either a single agarase purified from agar-degrading bacteria or a recombinant agarase produced in a bacterial expression system from its gene. The reported agarases were mostly agar-liquefying endo-type β-agarases which cleave the β-1,4-linkage of agar to produce neoagaro-oligosaccharides [ 9 , 10 ]. There have been fewer reports on α-agarases which hydrolyze the α-1,3-linkage of agar to produce agaro-oligosaccharides.…”