Future cathode materials for lithium rechargeable batteries

Ritchie, A.G.; Giwa, C.O.; Lee, J.C; Bowles, P.G.; Gilmour, A. S.; Allan, Jesse T. S.; Rice, David A.; Brady, Fergal J.; Tsang, Shik Chi Edman

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(99)00065-8

Cited by 24 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Nevertheless, this material possesses several disadvantages such as low-thermal instability and surface transformation resulting from the reaction with the electrolyte during cycling [1][2][3]. To address these shortcomings, LiNi 1−x Co x O 2 (0 < x < 1) compounds have been developed motivated in part by the fact that LiCoO 2 and LiNiO 2 have the same layered ␣-NaFeO 2 structure [4][5][6]. Elements such as Al [7,8], Cr [9], Fe [10], Ga [11], Mg [12], Sn [13], Sr [14], Ti [15], and Zn [16] have been used for partial substitution of Ni or Co to further enhance the electrochemical performance of the LiNi 0.8 Co 0.2 O 2 , which is a promising cathode material among these compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of Li(Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05)0.8(Ni0.5Mn0.5)0.2O2 with core–shell structure as cathode material for Li-ion batteries

Ju¹,

Ryu²

2011

Journal of Alloys and Compounds

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of Li(Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05)0.8(Ni0.5Mn0.5)0.2O2 with core–shell structure as cathode material for Li-ion batteries

Ju¹,

Ryu²

2011

Journal of Alloys and Compounds

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“…LiMn 2 O 4 is an attractive alternative to Co and Ni oxides currently used in lithiumion batteries. [4][5][6] For certain applications, such as in electric vehicles, lithium-ion batteries are required to have a high specific power in addition to a high specific energy. [7][8][9][10] Thus, electrode materials with high rate capability are of interest.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-Agglomerate-Size Lithium Manganese Oxide Spinel with High Rate Capability for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lanz

Kormann

Steininger

et al. 2000

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Lithium manganese oxide spinel (LiMn 2 O 4 ) is gaining prominence as a positive electrode material for lithium-ion batteries. After an extensive research effort (see, for example, Ref. 1-3), LiMn 2 O 4 spinel with good cycling stability is now available. LiMn 2 O 4 is an attractive alternative to Co and Ni oxides currently used in lithiumion batteries. [4][5][6] For certain applications, such as in electric vehicles, lithium-ion batteries are required to have a high specific power in addition to a high specific energy. 7-10 Thus, electrode materials with high rate capability are of interest.The main strategies adopted so far to reach a high rate capability of the spinel electrode have been the preparation of spinel particles with small sizes, and an optimization of the electrode conductivity. 11-16 However, for industrial battery electrode coating processes, relatively large particles with a small Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area are advantageous. In the present report, we show that it is not necessary to use micrometer-or submicrometer-sized oxide particles when aiming at high rate capabilities. We adapted a high-temperature synthesis route for preparing a spinel consisting of agglomerates with an average size of 15 m. The agglomerates were composed of primary particles (ca. 0.5-3 m). We measured the discharge capability of electrodes containing this spinel up to a discharge rate of 20 C (3 min for full discharge) in an electrochemical test cell with a metallic lithium counter electrode and found a high rate capability for this spinel. ExperimentalSpinel synthesis.-The lithium manganese oxide spinel was synthesized using a proprietary ceramic process. A mixture of manganese oxide (Mn 3 O 4 ) with a specific surface area of about 10 Ϯ 5 m 2 /g and ground lithium carbonate with a particle size of less than about 40 m was heated for 1 h under N 2 to about 750ЊC. The resulting product, which did not yet have a spinel structure, was thoroughly ground. This spinel precursor material was suspended with about 1 wt % of polyvinyl alcohol in water and spray-dried to form a granular powder. This powder was oxidized in O 2 at a temperature of about 780ЊC to form the spinel. The spinel was finally coated with Li 2 CO 3 by spray-drying an aqueous slurry of the spinel and 1 wt % of the coating substance in a stream of hot air (200-300ЊC).Physical characterization.-The lattice constant of the spinel was determined at room temperature by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) in a Siemens D5000 diffractometer. It was found to be 8.224 Å. The lithium content of the spinel was calculated to be Li 1.09 Mn 1.91 O 4 (by linear interpolation of the lattice constants, 8.248 Å for Li 1.00 Mn 2.00 O 4 and 8.16 Å for Li 1.333 Mn 1.667 O 4 ). 17The particle size distribution of the spinel was determined in an aqueous slurry of the spinel powder by laser scattering using a Helos instrument. The result is shown in Fig. 1. The average particle (agglomerate) size is 15 m.Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of the spinel were recorded with a...

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“…Uma outra dificuldade encontrada para aplicação prática é a possiblidade do LiMn 2 O 4 exibir uma perda de capacidade significativa durante a ciclagem. Em adição à instabilidade em relação ao eletrólito orgânico (com possível dissolução do óxido) 58 [61][62][63] . Através da razão entre as cargas observada e teórica (C o /C t ) é possível comparar melhor os dispositivos.…”

Section: Materiais Catódicos Materiais Inorgânicos: óXidos De Metais unclassified

Materiais para cátodos de baterias secundárias de lítio

Varela¹,

Huguenin²,

Malta³

et al. 2002

Quím. Nova

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Recebido em 21/12/00; aceito em 4/7/01 MATERIALS FOR CATHODES OF SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERIES. In this work, cathodes employed in secondary lithium batteries are reviewed. These cathodes have great technologic and scientific importance, specifically, materials for cathodes as electronic conductor polymers (ECP), transition metal oxides (TMO) and nanocomposites of ECP/TMO. The use of a specific cathodic material is based in some intrinsic characteristics that improve the performance of the battery. Thus, some vantages and disvantages of these insertion compounds are discussed, as lithium insertion capacity, energy density, and the ciclability of these materials.Keywords: secondary lithium batteries; cathodic materials; transition metal oxides; electronic conducting polymers; nanocomposites. INTRODUÇÃOUma fonte eletroquímica de potência ou bateria pode ser definida como um dispositivo capaz de converter diretamente a energia liberada numa reação química em energia elétrica. As baterias apresentam basicamente duas funções principais, a primeira é agir como fontes portáteis de potência elétrica. A segunda, que tem crescido em importância nos últimos trinta anos, está baseada na habilidade de certos sistemas eletroquímicos de armazenar a energia suprida por uma fonte externa. Tais baterias são utilizadas, em veículos elé-tricos, fontes de emergência, como parte de um sistema de fornecimento de curta duração para demandas em pico e em conjunção com fontes renováveis de energia, como solar ou eólica, por exemplo.A primeira descrição de uma bateria eletroquímica foi feita pelo italiano Alessandro Volta em 1800. Tal "descoberta" representa o marco na história da eletroquímica e, particularmente, na história dos dispositivos denominados genericamente baterias. Desde então, um notável progresso tem sido feito na área de armazenamento eletroquímico de energia. Hoje, pode-se enumerar uma grande variedade de dispositivos englobados na categoria de baterias: células metal-ar, metal-hidreto metálico (Ni-HM), níquel-cádmio (Ni-Cd), células térmicas, íons-Lítio, entre outras.O mercado para dispositivos primários consiste basicamente na produção de baterias para aparelhos portáteis. As baterias secundá-rias ou recarregáveis representam maior interesse devido à grande demanda atual de aparelhos celulares e microcomputadores portá-teis. Em 1997, por exemplo, dos 34 bilhões de dólares movimentados com baterias, 24 foram destinados às baterias secundárias 1 .Graças à simplicidade e reversibilidade das reações eletroquímicas de inserção ou intercalação, a grande maioria dos dispositivos secundários que operam à temperatura ambiente é baseada nos chamados eletrodos de inserção. Como exemplos, têm-se os dispositivos secundários aquosos, como hidreto metálico/NiOOH ou Zn/MnO 2 , que envolvem a inserção de H + no hidreto metálico 2,3 ou MnO 2 4,5. Até mesmo o mecanismo de redução do eletrodo positivo das baterias de chumbo ácido, PbO 2 6,7 pode ser atribuído ao processo de inserção de H + 8 .Considerando-se a utilização de cátions metálicos...

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Future cathode materials for lithium rechargeable batteries

Cited by 24 publications

References 4 publications

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of Li(Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05)0.8(Ni0.5Mn0.5)0.2O2 with core–shell structure as cathode material for Li-ion batteries

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of Li(Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05)0.8(Ni0.5Mn0.5)0.2O2 with core–shell structure as cathode material for Li-ion batteries

Large-Agglomerate-Size Lithium Manganese Oxide Spinel with High Rate Capability for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Materiais para cátodos de baterias secundárias de lítio

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