“…To elucidate the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, many studies focus on specific industries that have been heavily hit by COVID-19, such as public transportation ( Pozo et al., 2022 ), aviation ( Garaus and Hudáková, 2022 ), tourism ( Soliku et al., 2021 ), energy ( Costa et al., 2022 ), manufacturing ( Orji and Ojadi, 2021 ), and infrastructure ( Meng et al., 2022 ). Another strand of literature attempts to investigate the impact of the pandemic at the regional level.…”