Future and the past of polymeric antioxidants

Abstract

Hybrid macromolecular antioxidants has evolved into a mature research field last three decades. The main concept of this area was to design polymer conjugates that combine in one structure the hydrophilic properties of a polymer backbone and biological efficiency of hydrophobic antioxidants. Over the years, the understanding of different aspects of such approach has grown. In general, meticulous selection of each component is essential to obtain the conjugate with required properties. This review overview a plethora of hybrid macromolecular antioxidants synthesized over the last 20 years, together with the discussion their physicochemical properties and application for biomedical purposes.

Aquaphotomics Investigation of Electrolyzed Hydrogen Water: Understanding the Water Molecular Structure and Its Role in Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species

“…Various investigations into different antioxidants consistently underscored the significance of solvation shells, distinct from bulk water, which contributes to increased stability and decreased mobility of water molecules, influencing their antioxidant activity. This discovery was shown to be consistent across diverse antioxidants, emphasizing the pivotal role played by the presence of a solvation shell in determining their functionality [47,48,[50][51][52]108,109].…”

“…Numerous publications in this field provide the rationale for using aquaphotomics NIRS to connect the specifics of water molecular structure and how it changes under different perturbations, thereby linking the molecular structure with the exhibited functionality [37,[40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. Moreover, numerous studies highlight the intricate and active role played by the molecular structure of water in various aspects, including antioxidant activity, radical scavenging, and the prevention of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation [47][48][49][50][51][52]. These studies point out to novel mechanisms underlying these functionalities that are based on properties of water as an active molecular matrix, and especially putting emphasis on the key roles of specific water molecular conformations such as solvation shells and long-range layers of low-mobility, hydrogen-bonded water [47][48][49][50][51][52].…”

Preparation of chitosan‐based macromolecular synergistic antioxidants containing hindered phenolic and secondary amine structures and its effects on thermo‐oxidative aging of styrene‐butadiene rubber/silica composites

“…Among the various forms of rubber aging, thermo‐oxidative aging is the most prevalent. The incorporation of antioxidants has proven to be an effective method for slowing down the aging process, preserving the performance and aesthetics of rubber materials, and prolonging the service life of the products 6,7 …”

Photocrosslinking of ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA)–polyethylene‐octene (POE) copolymer containing halogen‐free flame retardants

“…The above-mentioned polymers are rarely used in their pure form; to obtain the desired properties, also in terms of cost and safety, they are commonly mixed with other substances to form a so-called plastic. A typical recipe of a plastic contains several chemicals like antioxidants, [1,2] plasticizers, [3,4] fillers, [5] activators, [6,7] modifiers, [8] vulcanization agents, [9,10] etc. Among them, halogen-free flame retardants (HFFR) are used as additives to avoid combustion and flame propagation in case of exposure to fire.…”