Fusion of sensor geometry into additive strain fields measured with sensing skin

Downey, Austin; Sadoughi, Mohammadkazem; Laflamme, Simon; Hu, Chao

doi:10.1088/1361-665x/aac4cd

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…To study the effects using different capacitance measurement techniques, strain data were collected using two additional DAQs, both previously used successfully with the SEC. One DAQ was based on the PCAP02 capacitance-to-digital converter, which uses a time-constant measurement approach coupled with a time-to-digital converter [26]. Another was based on the FDC1004 capacitance-to-digital converter that uses a step waveform to excite the sensor and a sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter [27].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of electrically isolated capacitive sensing skins on concrete to reduce structure/sensor capacitive coupling

Ogunniyi

Vereen²,

Downey³

et al. 2023

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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Damage to bridges can result in partial or complete structural failures, with fatal consequences. Cracks develop in concrete infrastructure from fatigue loading, vibrations, corrosion, or unforeseen structural displacement. Effective long-term monitoring of civil infrastructure can reduce the risk of structural failures and potentially reduce the cost and frequency of inspections. However, deploying structural health monitoring (SHM) technologies for crack detection on bridges is expensive, especially long-term, due to the density of sensors required to detect, localize, and quantify cracks. Previous research on soft elastomeric capacitors (SEC) has shown their viability for low-cost monitoring of cracks in transportation infrastructure. However, when deployed on concrete for strain monitoring, a structure/sensor capacitive coupling exists that may cause a significant amplification in the signal collected from the SEC sensor. This work provides a detailed experimental study of electrically isolating capacitive sensing skins for concrete structures to reduce the structure/sensor capacitive coupling of an electrically grounded sensor. The study illustrates that the use of rubber isolators effectively decreases the capacitive coupling between concrete, which inherently has capacitive properties, and sensors such as the SEC that utilize capacitance measurements. In addition, the required thickness of isolation for accurate strain monitoring using the SEC with geometry described in the paper is investigated and better strain correlation is observed between the rubber of isolation thickness 0.30 mm and 0.64 mm with rubber of isolation of approximately 0.40 mm having the best response. Tests were conducted on small-scale concrete beams, and results were validated on full-scale reinforced concrete bridge decks recently taken out of service. This study demonstrates that with proper isolation material, the SEC can accurately transduce strain from concrete within a 10 µε error for strain levels beyond 25 µε.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of electrically isolated capacitive sensing skins on concrete to reduce structure/sensor capacitive coupling

Ogunniyi

Vereen²,

Downey³

et al. 2023

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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“…Five DAQ built with the FDC1004, shown in Figure 2(e), were used to synchronously collect data from 40 SECs deployed onto a fiberglass plate to obtain surface strain maps. 14 This particular DAQ is still actively used in our laboratory.…”

Section: Signal Acquisition and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensing skin technology for structural health monitoring: from proof-of-concept to field validation

Laflamme,

Liu

2024

Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems 2024

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The concept of using a capacitive-based sensing skin for structural health monitoring applications was proposed more than a decade ago. The sensing principle is to form a dense sensor network by assembling numerous soft elastomeric capacitors (SECs) in a matrix form, with each SEC acting as an independent strain gauge, resulting in a sensor network measuring local strain information over a global area analogous to biological skin. The SEC technology has considerably evolved since it was first conceptualized in 2009 in order to facilitate field implementation. For instance, the polymer mix and sensor design were modified to increase robustness and sensing performance, dedicated electronics was fabricated to improve resolution and accuracy, and various signal processing algorithms were formulated to transform measurements into actionable information. The objective of this paper is to discuss the evolution of the SEC technology starting from its conceptualization to its field validation in order to support and stimulate other research in sensor development geared towards structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. This includes discussions on 1) materials development; 2) signal acquisition and characterization; and 3) bridging the gap to field deployment.

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“…It follows from Equation 2 that the sensor measures the additive in-plane strain. Applications of the SEC in DSN configurations are demonstrated in References, 4,22 which demonstrations include the decomposition of measurements into unidirectional strain maps.…”

Section: Strain-based Dense Sensor Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model-assisted validation of a strain-based dense sensor network

Jin

Laflamme

Leifsson

et al. 2019

Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems 2019

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Recent advances in sensing are empowering the deployment of inexpensive dense sensor networks (DSNs) to conduct structural health monitoring (SHM) on large-scale structural and mechanical systems. There is a need to develop methodologies to facilitate the validation of these DSNs. Such methodologies could yield better designs of DSNs, enabling faster and more accurate monitoring of states for enhancing SHM. This paper investigates a model-assisted approach to validate a DSN of strain gauges under uncertainty. First, an approximate physical representation of the system, termed the physics-driven surrogate, is created based on the sensor network configuration. The representation consists of a state-space model, coupled with an adaptive mechanism based on sliding mode theory, to update the stiffness matrix to best match the measured responses, assuming knowledge of the mass matrix and damping parameters. Second, the physics-driven surrogate model is used to conduct a series of numerical simulations to map damages of interest to relevant features extracted from the synthetic signals that integrate uncertainties propagating through the physical representation. The capacity of the algorithm at detecting and localizing damages is quantified through probability of detection (POD) maps. It follows that such POD maps provide a direct quantification of the DSNs' capability at conducting its SHM task. The proposed approach is demonstrated using numerical simulations on a cantilevered plate elastically restrained at the root equipped with strain gauges, where the damage of interest is a change in the root's bending rigidity.

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Fusion of sensor geometry into additive strain fields measured with sensing skin

Cited by 8 publications

References 52 publications

Investigation of electrically isolated capacitive sensing skins on concrete to reduce structure/sensor capacitive coupling

Investigation of electrically isolated capacitive sensing skins on concrete to reduce structure/sensor capacitive coupling

Sensing skin technology for structural health monitoring: from proof-of-concept to field validation

Model-assisted validation of a strain-based dense sensor network

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