Fused Zinc Target for the Production of Gallium Radioisotopes

Zeisler, Stefan; Limoges, Alan; Kumlin, Joel; Siikanen, Jonathan; Hoehr, Cornelia

doi:10.3390/instruments3010010

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…To model the system, two radionuclide production routes, 68 Zn(p,n) 68 Ga and 100 Mo(p,2n) 99m Tc, were taken into consideration. For determining the design, the significant factors are the accelerated ion energy at the entrance, the projected ranges related to the electronic and nuclear (minor) stopping powers, and the lower threshold energy for the considered nuclear reaction [7,8].…”

Section: Stopping Power Ranges and Beam Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To account for worst-case scenario, we calculated the temperature rise of a cylindrical-shaped particle (Figure 3b), with an energy loss at the maximum stopping power at the top of the Bragg peak. Therefore, the beam intensity was calculated at the end of the powder-in-gas layer and supported by ion range and scattering (SRIM) calculations [7][8][9].…”

Section: Stopping Power Ranges and Beam Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vortex Target: A New Design for a Powder-in-Gas Target for Large-Scale Radionuclide Production

Lange¹

2019

Instruments

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This paper presents a design and working principle for a combined powder-in-gas target. The excellent surface-to-volume ratio of micrometer-sized powder particles injected into a forced carrier-gas-driven environment provides optimal beam power-induced heat relief. Finely dispersed powders can be controlled by a combined pump-driven inward-spiraling gas flow and a fan structure in the center. Known proton-induced nuclear reactions on isotopically enriched materials such as 68Zn and 100Mo were taken into account to be conceptually remodeled as a powder-in-gas target assembly, which was compared to thick target designs. The small irradiation chambers that were modeled in our studies for powdery ‘thick’ targets with a mass thickness (g/cm2) comparable to 68Zn and 100Mo resulted in the need to load 2.5 and 12.6 grams of the isotopically enriched target material, respectively, into a convective 7-bar pressured helium cooling circuit for irradiation, with ion currents and entrance energies of 0.8 (13 MeV) and 2 mA (20 MeV), respectively. Current densities of ~2 μA/mm2 (20 MeV), induces power loads of up to 4 kW/cm2. Moreover, the design work showed that this powder-in-gas target concept could potentially be applied to other radionuclide production routes that involve powdery starting materials. Although the modeling work showed good convective heat relief expectations for micrometer-sized powder, more detailed mathematical investigation on the powder-in-gas target restrictions, electrostatic behavior, and erosion effects during irradiation are required for developing a real prototype assembly.

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Section: Stopping Power Ranges and Beam Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stopping Power Ranges and Beam Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vortex Target: A New Design for a Powder-in-Gas Target for Large-Scale Radionuclide Production

Lange¹

2019

Instruments

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“…Cyclotron production is challenging and several research groups are focusing on liquid or solid target irradiation techniques. A novel method based on a fused zinc target was investigated at TRIUMF [12].…”

Section: Targets and Related Developmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Special Issue ”Instruments and Methods for Cyclotron Produced Radioisotopes”

Braccini

Alvès

2019

Instruments

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The 17th Workshop on Targets and Target Chemistry (WTTC17) was held in Coimbra (Portugal) on 27–31 August 2018. A few months before, the 13th Workshop of the European Cyclotron Network (CYCLEUR) took place in Lisbon (Portugal) on 23–24 November 2017. These two events reassembled major experts in the field of radioisotope production, targets, target chemistry and cyclotrons. In the last few years, significant advances have been obtained in these fields with direct implications for science and society. Instruments and methods, originally developed for nuclear and particle physics, played a crucial role and remarkable developments are on-going. The production of novel radioisotopes for both diagnostics and therapy is expected to produce a breakthrough in nuclear medicine in the next years, paving the way towards theranostics and personalized medicine. This Special Issue presents a collection of original scientific contributions on the latest developments on instruments and methods for medical and research cyclotrons as well as on target and target chemistry for the production of radioisotopes.

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“…This alternative approach has garnered signi cant interest by the community, including publication of a European Pharmacopeia monograph for the direct acceleratorbased production of [ 68 Ga]GaCl 3 which was published in draft form in 2018 and nalized in 2020 (Gallium ( 68 Ga) chloride (accelerator-produced) solution for radiolabeling, 2020) and a technical document published by the IAEA in support of direct production of 68 Ga via liquid and solid targets (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2019). There are two strategies for producing 68 Ga via the 68 Zn(p,n) 68 Ga reaction on a cyclotron -namely, liquid (Alves et al 2017; International Atomic Energy Agency, 2019; Jensen and Clark 2010; Gallium ( 68 Ga) chloride (accelerator-produced) solution for radiolabeling, 2020; Nair et al 2017;Oehlke et al 2015;Pandey et al 2014; and solid targets (Boschi et al 2019;Engle et al 2012;Lin et al 2018;Sadeghi et al 2009;Schweinsberg et al 2019;Tolmachev and Lundqvist 1996;Zeisler et al 2019). Liquid targets offer implementation simplicity for sites familiar with [ 18 F]FDG production as they present a similar work ow to production of [ 18 F] uoride and are compatible with laboratory set-ups in existing PET radiopharmaceutical production centers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclotron-based production of 68Ga, [68Ga]GaCl3, and [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 from a liquid target

Rodnick

Sollert

Stark

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Purpose: To optimize the direct production of 68Ga on a cyclotron, via the 68Zn(p,n)68Ga reaction using a liquid cyclotron target. We Investigated the yield of cyclotron-produced 68Ga, extraction of [68Ga]GaCl3 and subsequent [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 labeling using an automated synthesis module.Methods: Irradiations of a 1.0 M solution of [68Zn]Zn(NO3)2 in dilute (0.2-0.3 M) HNO3 were conducted using GE PETtrace cyclotrons and GE 68Ga liquid targets. The proton beam energy was degraded to a nominal 14.3 MeV to minimize the co-production of 67Ga through the 68Zn(p,2n)67Ga reaction without unduly compromising 68Ga yields. We also evaluated the effects of varying beam times (50-75 min) and beam currents (27-40 μA). Crude 68Ga production was measured. The extraction of [68Ga]GaCl3 was performed using a 2 column solid phase method on the GE FASTlab Developer platform. Extracted [68Ga]GaCl3 was used to label [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 that was intended for clinical use.Results: The decay corrected yield of 68Ga at EOB was typically >3.7 GBq (100 mCi) for a 60 min beam, with irradiations of [68Zn]Zn(NO3)2 at 0.3 M HNO3. Target/chemistry performance was more consistent when compared with 0.2 M HNO3. Radionuclidic purity of 68Ga was typically >99.8% at EOB and met the requirements specified in the European Pharmacopoeia (<2% combined 66/67Ga) for a practical clinical product shelf-life. The activity yield of [68Ga]GaCl3 was typically >50% (~1.85 GBq, 50 mCi); yields improved as processes were optimized. Labeling yields for [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 were near quantitative (~1.67 GBq, 45mCi) at EOS. Cyclotron produced [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 underwent full quality control, stability and sterility testing , and was implemented for human use at the University of Michigan as an Investigational New Drug through the US FDA and also at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (RPA).Conclusion: Direct cyclotron irradiation of a liquid target provides clinically relevant quantities of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 and is a viable alternative to traditional 68Ge/68Ga generators.

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Fused Zinc Target for the Production of Gallium Radioisotopes

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

Vortex Target: A New Design for a Powder-in-Gas Target for Large-Scale Radionuclide Production

Vortex Target: A New Design for a Powder-in-Gas Target for Large-Scale Radionuclide Production

Special Issue ”Instruments and Methods for Cyclotron Produced Radioisotopes”

Cyclotron-based production of 68Ga, [68Ga]GaCl3, and [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 from a liquid target

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