Fusarium Sporotrichioides Sherb. Toxins Evaluated in Cereal Grain with Trichoderma Harzianum

Abstract

Fusarium head blight is one of the most severe diseases of small grain cereals and is caused by several toxigenic Fusarium species. Yield losses and mycotoxin accumulation in grain are caused by the disease. F. sporotrichioides and F. poae produce type A trichothecenes. Saprophyte fungal antagonists, especially Trichoderma harzianum, are effective biocontrol agents against several fungal soil-borne plant pathogens. These fungal antagonists can reduce the production of Fusarium spp. mycotoxins in some crop plants. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of T. harzianum AN4 on the production of type A trichothecenes by F. sporotrichioides in cereals. The accumulation of six trichothecene mycotoxins (scirpentriol, i.e. STO, T-2 tetraol, T-2 triol, HT-2 toxin i.e., HT-2, T-2 toxin i.e., T-2, diacetoxyscirpenol, i.e., DAS) was reduced on average, by over 89% in bioassays of F. sporotrichioides and Trichoderma isolate AN4 on a liquid medium and on solid substrates (seeds of naked and husked oats and wheat). The reduction in our experiments depended on fungal isolate and substrate. From the three isolates of F. sporotrichioides used in the experiments, the highest accumulation of all the metabolites after 21 days by F. sporotrichioides in nearly all substrates, was recorded for strain ZFR 159. On the liquid medium inoculated with F. sporotrichioides ZFR 159, the amount of type A trichothecenes was the lowest (STO, T-2 tetraol, and T-2 triol not detected, HT-2 toxin 0.02 ppm, DAS 0.10 ppm, T-2 toxin 0.99 ppm). The highest total concentration of these toxins was produced by this isolate in husked oat cv. German (180.16 ppm), but in naked oat cv. Akt the toxin concentration was low (27.62 ppm). Trichothecene accumulation by T. harzianum AN4 was reduced the most in oat cv. Akt (98.48%) in the liquid medium (98.22%), while the lowest reduction was in oat cv. German (48.77%). The non-toxigenic T. harzianum AN4 isolate proved to be a useful biocontrol agent against the toxigenic F. sporotrichioides in cereals, significantly reducing the production of six type A trichothecenes. This is the first report on effective biocontrol of F. sporotrichioides in cereals by T. harzianum.

Effects of temperature and glucose concentration on the growth and respiration of fungal species isolated from a highly productive coastal upwelling ecosystem

“…A unique strain from each species was used in the experiments ( Table 1). The species selected for analysis are ubiquitous ascomycetes recorded in numerous systems, and have been classified into two groups: F. fujikuroi, F. sporotrichioides and P. decumbens have been identified as plant, soil and grain pathogens (Yoshida et al, 1992;Brown and Gordon, 2001;Mateo et al, 2002;Wi sniewska et al, 2011;Swer et al, 2011); while A. strictum and P. chrysogenum are described as marine species in the WoRMS database (http://www.marinespecies. org) and have been isolated from the marine environment in previous studies (Costello et al, 2001;Julianti et al, 2011;An et al, 2013).…”

Mycotoxins in Cereal and Soybean-Based Food and Feed

“…It was determined that Trichoderma harzianum produces a lytic enzyme, chitinase, which manifests antifungal activity against a wide range of fungal strains. It was found that non-toxigenic T.harzianum isolates significantly reduce the production of six types of A trichothecenes in cereals [38].…”

Glow Discharge Plasma Efficiently Degrades T-2 Toxin in Aqueous Solution and Patulin in Apple Juice

“…can oxidize T-2 toxin into 3'-OH T-2 or 3'-OH HT-2 through the reaction of hydroxylation [14], but it was not certain if the products has the toxicity. Again, Trichoderma harzianum could reduce the acumination of T-2 toxin in crop by inhibiting the growth of pathogens, but it did not degrade T-2 toxin and patulin directly [15].…”