Fusarium mycotoxin content of Slovakian organic and conventional cereals

Abstract

Many species of Fusarium fungi can produce a number of different mycotoxins including trichothecenes such as deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), zearalenone (ZEA) and others. The farming system have an effect on quality of grown plants, including mycotoxin contamination. The contamination of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye grain by toxins with focus on the genus Fusarium was monitored within the years 2009 -2011 under the official control according to EC Regulation 401/2006 and 178/2010 on the territory of the Slovak Republic in organic and conventional grains. The concentration of deoxynivalenol (DON) was determined by HPLC/DAD detector and concentration of zearalenone (ZEA) by HPLC/FLD detector. Results of analysed samples showed that DON was the most prevalent Fusarium toxin. In the analysed samples were observed significant differences between organic and conventional wheat samples. Results showed that samples from organic production contained significantly lower contamination of DON and ZEA mycotoxins than from conventional production. In four wheat samples from conventional production was the content of DON over the EC Regulation no. 1881/2006 about setting the maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuff. Within the observed period, the highest DON concentrations were observed in the year 2010, in both wheat and rye samples, and organic and conventional production. The year 2010 was characterised by constant rain, moist soil on the most area of Slovakia. Since lower contamination of Fusarium toxins was found in wheat and rye from organic farming, it can be concluded, that factors related to agricultural practices in this system can reduce the risk of Fusarium mycotoxin contamination.

Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Winter Rye Varieties Cultivated in Poland (2017–2019)

“…Pleadin et al [ 22 ] analyzed 16 rye samples in Croatia, and DON was found in six of the samples (38%) at a mean concentration of 50.0 µg/kg. In our study, the contamination rate of rye samples was similar to the results reported by Gottschalk et al [ 21 ] and much higher than the results presented by Błajet-Kosicka et al [ 17 ], Mankevičienė et al [ 18 ], Tutelyan et al [ 19 ], Remža et al [ 20 ], and Pleadin et al [ 22 ]. The mean concentration of DON in rye samples was similar to the results obtained by Błajet-Kosicka et al [ 17 ] and Gottschalk et al [ 21 ], and lower than the results reported by Remža et al [ 20 ] and Pleadin et al [ 22 ].…”

“…In one out of 63 rye samples (2%), DON was found at a concentration of 60 µg/kg in a 6-year survey in the Russian Federation [ 19 ]. In another study, Remža et al [ 20 ] analyzed 39 Slovak rye grains, and DON was found at mean and maximum concentrations of 67.9 µg/kg and 289.0 µg/kg, respectively. In an earlier study in Germany, Gottschalk et al [ 21 ] detected DON in 100% out of 61 analyzed rye samples, with mean and maximum concentrations of 28.0 µg/kg and 288 µg/kg, respectively.…”

Mycotoxins in Feed and Food and the Role of Ozone in Their Detoxification and Degradation: An Update

“…Similar results were obtained by other authors [ 45 , 46 ]. Similar contamination levels of ochratoxic fungi in conventional and organic coffee beans were found by Rezende et al [ 47 ] in Brazil. Recently, Labanca et al [ 48 ] evaluated the effect of different farming systems (i.e., conventional and organic cultivation) on mycotoxin levels in Zea mays , and similar contamination levels of AFB 1 were found.…”

Performance of Winter Wheat Cultivars Grown Organically and Conventionally with Focus on Fusarium Head Blight and <em>Fusarium</em> Trichothecene Toxins

“…It was significantly higher in two systems where no chemical protection against FHB was applied. Similar tendency was found in barley and oats from organic and traditional farming [53][54][55][56]. In their review, Brodal et al [56] concluded that contamination with Fusarium toxins of organically produced cereal grains was similar and sometimes lower than conventionally produced ones.…”