Fusarins and Fusaric Acid in Fusaria

Niehaus, Eva-Maria; Díaz-Sánchez, Violeta; Kleigrewe, Karin; Humpf, Hans‐Ulrich; Limón, M. Carmen; Tudzynski, Bettina

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1191-2_11

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 120 publications

(101 reference statements)

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“…Fusaric acid is a host non‐specific toxin with phytotoxic activity causing wilting of plants, but it has also antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activity (Niehaus et al ., ). Growth assays of the F. fujikuroi WT on solid medium supplemented with FSA indicated that increasing FSA levels also inhibit the hyphal growth of its producer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Two separate key enzymes and two pathway‐specific transcription factors are involved in fusaric acid biosynthesis in Fusarium fujikuroi

Studt

Janevska

Niehaus

et al. 2016

Environmental Microbiology

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Fusaric acid (FSA) is a mycotoxin produced by several fusaria, including the rice pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi. Genes involved in FSA biosynthesis were previously identified as a cluster containing a polyketide synthase (PKS)-encoding (FUB1) and four additional genes (FUB2-FUB5). However, the biosynthetic steps leading to FSA as well as the origin of the nitrogen atom, which is incorporated into the polyketide backbone, remained unknown. In this study, seven additional cluster genes (FUB6-FUB12) were identified via manipulation of the global regulator FfSge1. The extended FUB gene cluster encodes two Zn(II)2 Cys6 transcription factors: Fub10 positively regulates expression of all FUB genes, whereas Fub12 is involved in the formation of the two FSA derivatives, i.e. dehydrofusaric acid and fusarinolic acid, serving as a detoxification mechanism. The major facilitator superfamily transporter Fub11 functions in the export of FSA out of the cell and is essential when FSA levels become critical. Next to Fub1, a second key enzyme was identified, the non-canonical non-ribosomal peptide synthetase Fub8. Chemical analyses of generated mutant strains allowed for the identification of a triketide as PKS product and the proposition of an FSA biosynthetic pathway, thereby unravelling the unique formation of a hybrid metabolite consisting of this triketide and an amino acid moiety.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Two separate key enzymes and two pathway‐specific transcription factors are involved in fusaric acid biosynthesis in Fusarium fujikuroi

Studt

Janevska

Niehaus

et al. 2016

Environmental Microbiology

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“…Well-known examples are the productions of gibberellins, bikaverin, and fusarubin, induced by the absence of nitrogen through a complex regulatory network [ 85 ]. However, other metabolites, as fusarins and fusaric acid, exhibit an opposite regulatory pattern, with a higher production under excess of nitrogen [ 86 ]. Experiments with immobilized mycelia of F. fujikuroi incubated under low nitrogen conditions, to which excess nitrogen was subsequently added, revealed a higher synthesis of carotenoids under nitrogen starvation [ 87 ].…”

Section: Regulation By Light-independent Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Fusarium

Ávalos

Pardo-Medina

Parra-Rivero

et al. 2017

JoF

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Many fungi of the genus Fusarium stand out for the complexity of their secondary metabolism. Individual species may differ in their metabolic capacities, but they usually share the ability to synthesize carotenoids, a family of hydrophobic terpenoid pigments widely distributed in nature. Early studies on carotenoid biosynthesis in Fusarium aquaeductuum have been recently extended in Fusarium fujikuroi and Fusarium oxysporum, well-known biotechnological and phytopathogenic models, respectively. The major Fusarium carotenoid is neurosporaxanthin, a carboxylic xanthophyll synthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate through the activity of four enzymes, encoded by the genes carRA, carB, carT and carD. These fungi produce also minor amounts of β-carotene, which may be cleaved by the CarX oxygenase to produce retinal, the rhodopsin’s chromophore. The genes needed to produce retinal are organized in a gene cluster with a rhodopsin gene, while other carotenoid genes are not linked. In the investigated Fusarium species, the synthesis of carotenoids is induced by light through the transcriptional induction of the structural genes. In some species, deep-pigmented mutants with up-regulated expression of these genes are affected in the regulatory gene carS. The molecular mechanisms underlying the control by light and by the CarS protein are currently under investigation.

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“…The soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum has been identified as the fifth most important fungus in plant pathology as it causes vascular wilt disease in more than 100 different crops [1]. Fusaric acid (FA), a potent host non-specific toxin produced by Fusarium species, is the main cause of the development of Fusarium wilt disease [2][3][4][5]. FA has negative effects on cell integrity [6,7] and function [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc and Copper Enhance Cucumber Tolerance to Fusaric Acid by Mediating Its Distribution and Toxicity and Modifying the Antioxidant System

Wang

Huang

Liang

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Fusaric acid (FA), the fungal toxin produced by Fusarium oxysporum, plays a predominant role in the virulence and symptom development of Fusarium wilt disease. As mineral nutrients can be protective agents against Fusarium wilt, hydroponic experiments employing zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) followed by FA treatment were conducted in a glasshouse. FA exhibited strong phytotoxicity on cucumber plants, which was reversed by the addition of Zn or Cu. Thus, Zn or Cu dramatically reduced the wilt index, alleviated the leaf or root cell membrane injury and mitigated against the FA inhibition of plant growth and photosynthesis. Cucumber plants grown with Zn exhibited decreased FA transportation to shoots and a 17% increase in toxicity mitigation and showed minimal hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation level with the increased of antioxidant enzymes activity in both roots and leaves. Cucumber grown with additional Cu absorbed less FA but showed more toxicity mitigation at 20% compared to with additional Zn and exhibited decreased hydrogen peroxide level and increased antioxidant enzymes activity. Thus, adding Zn or Cu can decrease the toxicity of the FA by affecting the absorption or transportation of the FA in plants and mitigate toxicity possibly through chelation. Zn and Cu modify the antioxidant system to scavenge hydrogen peroxide for suppressing FA induction of oxidative damage. Our experiments could provide a theoretical basis for the direct application of micro-fertilizer as protective agents in farming.

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Fusarins and Fusaric Acid in Fusaria

Cited by 19 publications

References 120 publications

Two separate key enzymes and two pathway‐specific transcription factors are involved in fusaric acid biosynthesis in Fusarium fujikuroi

Two separate key enzymes and two pathway‐specific transcription factors are involved in fusaric acid biosynthesis in Fusarium fujikuroi

Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Fusarium

Zinc and Copper Enhance Cucumber Tolerance to Fusaric Acid by Mediating Its Distribution and Toxicity and Modifying the Antioxidant System

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