Furuncle‐like Lesions in Mouse Experimental Skin Infections with <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>

Abe, Yoshiko; Akiyama, Hisanori; Arata, Jirô

doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.1993.tb03861.x

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…In general, the previously described experimental infections have used either intracutaneous injections of the organisms or epicutaneous application onto damaged skin with coverage by occlusive dressings in a manner similar to that used here [4,8,11]. Resulting skin changes were consistent with what we found and include hair follicle infections [4], abscess formation [9–11], epidermal necrosis [4,8], and cutaneous ulcer formation [10]. These previous model systems were developed primarily to assess local cutaneous changes from the infections rather than bacterial dissemination from the skin inoculation site.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The organisms were cultured overnight in tryptic soy broth, then washed 3 times in sterile water before use. The inoculum of 10 7 CFU was chosen from a review of previous studies [4,7,9]. S. aureus strain ATCC #25923 has been shown to be virulent in other animal models of staphylococcal infection [27,28].…”

Section: Experimental/materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of experimental models of staphylococcal skin infections have been described and these show that the organisms can readily invade the epidermis and dermis to produce localized infections [4–11]. These models have generally not been used to study the relationship between staphylococcal skin infections and systemic dissemination, although in one system positive blood cultures were found after skin infection in leukopenic (but not nonleukopenic) mice [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systemic dissemination and cutaneous damage in a mouse model of staphylococcal skin infections

Hahn

Onunkwo

Watts

et al. 2009

Microbial Pathogenesis

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Serious staphylococcal infections frequently begin in the skin. The present study used a mouse model of such infections to evaluate the ability of Staphylococcus aureus to disseminate from the skin and to determine if cutaneous damage from the infections was required for dissemination. The mice were inoculated with S. aureus onto flank skin prepared by a tape-stripping method that caused minimal disruption of the epidermal keratinocyte layers. After these inoculations the staphylococci were found to disseminate to the spleen and kidneys of almost all animals within 6 h. Induction of leucopenia did not affect this process. Cutaneous damage was prominent in these experimental infections and included loss of the epidermis, neutrophil infiltration into the epidermis, and complete necrosis of the dermis. The latter also occurred in cyclophosphamide-treated animals, indicating that the organisms themselves and not the host inflammatory responses were responsible. Dermal necrosis did not develop until 48 h after inoculation, a time by which dissemination had already occurred. Therefore, in this mouse model system S. aureus is capable of penetrating the epidermal keratinocyte layers and disseminating rapidly after inoculation; the experimental infections do produce significant dermal damage, but the latter develops after dissemination has already taken place.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental/materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systemic dissemination and cutaneous damage in a mouse model of staphylococcal skin infections

Hahn

Onunkwo

Watts

et al. 2009

Microbial Pathogenesis

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“…The organisms were cultured overnight in tryptic soy broth, and then washed 3 times in sterile water before use. The inoculum of 10 7 CFU was chosen from a review of previous studies of experimental staphylococcal skin infections [4–6]. S. aureus strain ATCC #25923 has been shown to be virulent in other animal infection models [7,8] and the virulence factors and enzymes of this staphylococcal strain have been fairly well described [7,9,10].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct translocation of staphylococci from the skin surface to deep organs

Hahn

Sohnle

2013

Microbial Pathogenesis

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Background Staphylococcus aureus can invade the bloodstream and cause bacteremic infections, but this organism frequently produces serious deep infections without bacteremia or an identifiable portal of entry. Methods We used experimental cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus infections in mice to determine if the bacteria could reach deep organs without travel through the bloodstream. Results After skin surface application the bacteria rapidly distributed to lymph nodes, spleen, kidneys and other organs. In these animals, blood cultures were negative, dissemination was more efficient after surface application than injection near dermal blood vessels, and kidney bacterial localization sites were unlike those of bacteremic infections. Whereas normal mice eventually cleared bacteria from the deep sites, those with prolonged immunosuppression became moribund from these infections; they also had negative blood cultures and kidney localization not consistent with hematogenous dissemination. Bacteria were also found in the intervening abdominal wall outside the spleen and kidney sites, suggesting direct movement of the organisms from the skin surface through connecting tissues. Conclusions Although capable of hematogenous dissemination, S. aureus can also spread from skin to deep organs by a non-bacteremic process. In this case the bacteria appear to migrate directly from the skin surface to the deep organs below.

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“…The organisms were cultured overnight in trypticase soy broth, washed three times in sterile water, and then used as an inoculum of 10 7 CFU. This inoculum was chosen from a review of previous similar cutaneous infection models [1, 19, 25]. S. aureus strain ATCC 25923 has been shown to be virulent in other animal models of staphylococcal infection [5, 6].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clearance of experimental cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus infections in mice

2010

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Staphylococcal skin infections are quite common in human patients. These infections often clear spontaneously, but may also progress locally and/or disseminate to cause serious and sometimes fatal deep infections. The present studies were undertaken to examine the clearance phase of experimental cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus infections in a mouse model system. Previous work in this system has shown that staphylococci applied to the skin rapidly disseminate to the spleen and kidney. In the present experiments the bacteria were found to persist at the skin infection site at a time (8 days after inoculation) when they had disappeared from the spleen and kidney. Examination of the infected skin at earlier times revealed rapid (within 6 h) invasion into the stratum corneum, stratum Malpighii, and dermis, but subsequent redistribution of bacteria (at 1-2 days) to more superficial sites, particularly crusts located just above the skin surface. The crusts seen in these infections were of two distinct types, which were termed type 1 and type 2. Type 1 crusts appeared first, consisted of bacteria, inflammatory cells, and debris, and developed over an intact epidermis. Type 2 crusts arose from the process of dermal necrosis previously reported to take place at 2 days in this model system. In the latter situation the bacteria were not really cleared from the epidermis and dermis; rather those layers were transformed into a superficial crust that contained the bacteria. Deep hair follicle infections in the dermis were found in these infections, but they did not persist and did not seem to be a reservoir for organisms in the dermis. Resolution of these experimental infections appeared to involve redistribution of invading bacteria to more superficial locations in crusts above the skin surface, marked proliferation of the epidermis, loss of the bacteria-laden crusts from the skin, and eventual healing of the cutaneous damage.

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Furuncle‐like Lesions in Mouse Experimental Skin Infections with Staphylococcus aureus

Cited by 13 publications

References 5 publications

Systemic dissemination and cutaneous damage in a mouse model of staphylococcal skin infections

Systemic dissemination and cutaneous damage in a mouse model of staphylococcal skin infections

Direct translocation of staphylococci from the skin surface to deep organs

Clearance of experimental cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus infections in mice

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