Further Studies on the Analysis of DSP Toxin Profiles in Galician Mussels

Leão, José Manuel; Gago-Martı́nez, Ana; Vázquez, Javier Amigó; Quilliam, Michael A.

doi:10.1021/jf971043a

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…A positive detection of GYM-B in clams also occurred in a previous study (Naila et al, 2012). Acyl ester metabolites have been observed for a variety of marine phycotoxins in a range of shellfish species (Comesaña Losada et al, 1999;Garcıá et al, 2004;JØrgensen et al, 2005;Torgersen et al, 2008a;2008b;Wilkins et al, 2006). Based on previous reports of acyl ester metabolites for other classes of cyclic imines including spirolides (Aasen et al, 2006) The feeding experiment demonstrated the acylation process under controlled laboratory conditions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Fatty acid ester metabolites of gymnodimine in shellfish collected from China and in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) exposed to Karenia selliformis

Che

Wright

et al. 2020

Harmful Algae

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Marine shellfish exposed to the microalgae Karenia selliformis can accumulate gymnodimines (GYM). Shellfish samples collected from Beihai City in Guangxi Autonomous Region, and Ningde City in Fujian Province, in the South China Sea, as well as mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis fed on K. selliformis under laboratory conditions were analyzed. Gymnodimines and various fatty acid ester metabolites were detected in the clam Antigona lamellaris and pen shell Atrina pectinata, while no esters were found in the oyster Crassostrea sp. and the gastropod Batillaria zonalis despite positive detection of free GYM in both species. When present, the predominant acyl esters observed were 18:0-GYM-A and 20:1-GYM-A. Under laboratory conditions GYM-A was accumulated and metabolized to fatty acid esters in mussels exposed to K. selliformis, with 16:0-GYM-A and 20:1-GYM-A as the major variants. A novel compound with the same accurate mass as GYM-A and its 16:0 fatty acid ester were observed in the experimental mussels but was not present in the microalgal strain to which mussels were exposed. No significant differences of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and antioxidant enzymes were found between mussels fed on K. selliformis or GYM-free microalgae Isochrysis galbana. This suggests the accumulation of GYM and its metabolites does not significantly impact the physiological status of mussels. While it is currently not proven that GYM affects human health, risk assessments should consider the presence of GYM esters in naturally contaminated shellfish as part of exposure analysis. Please note that this is an author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version is available on the publisher Web site.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Fatty acid ester metabolites of gymnodimine in shellfish collected from China and in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) exposed to Karenia selliformis

Che

Wright

et al. 2020

Harmful Algae

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“…However, the MS studies reported herein using the sodium adducts of DTXs demonstrates that it is possible to develop rapid LC multiple tandem MS methods for the determination of OA and DTX2 using unique ion transitions without the requirement of chromatographic separation. This is especially advantageous since OA and DTX2 frequently co‐occur in contaminated shellfish harvested from the western coastline of Europe …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is especially advantageous since OA and DTX2 frequently co-occur in contaminated shellfish harvested from the western coastline of Europe. [39,40]…”

Section: Dinophysistoxins: Ftms Cid Ms N Of the [M + Na] + Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elucidation of the mass fragmentation pathways of the polyether marine toxins, dinophysistoxins, and identification of isomer discrimination processes

Carey

Sáez

Hamilton

et al. 2012

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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RATIONALE Most of the liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) methods that have been developed for the analysis of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) toxins in shellfish and algae samples have been unable to differentiate the isomers okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin‐2 (DTX2), unless separated by chromatography. Since there are many bioconversion products of these compounds it is imperative to determine characteristic product ions, which can provide unequivocal identification of OA and DTX2 and their analogs. METHODS Using electrospray ionization, the fragmentation processes for two types of precursor ions, [M+Na]+ and [M–H]–, of the polyether marine toxins, dinophysistoxins (DTXs), were studied using a hybrid linear ion trap Orbitrap mass spectrometer which provided high mass accuracy data in combination with multiple tandem mass (MSn) spectra. Three structurally related toxins were compared; okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin‐2 (DTX2) and dinophysistoxin‐1 (DTX1). A quick multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) LC/MS/MS method was developed utilizing the characteristic precursor/product ion mass transitions. RESULTS Comparison of the high‐resolution product ion, [M–H]–, spectra of these toxins featured dominant signals that resulted from two six‐centered rearrangements and previously proposed fragmentation pathways for the ion of m/z 321 and 293 have been corrected and identified. By contrast, the [M+Na]+ product ion spectra only revealed distinctive ions for the isomers, OA (m/z 595, 443 and 151) and DTX2 (m/z 581, 429 and 165). To illustrate the benefits of this study, a mass selective LC/MS/MS method was developed in which the isomers OA and DTX2 co‐eluted but were distinguished using the mass transitions, m/z 827/595, 827/443 (OA) and m/z 827/581, 827/429 (DTX2). CONCLUSIONS Comparison of OA, DTX2 and DTX1 led to the correction of proposed negative ion mode fragmentation pathways. Through extensive study and comparison of the [M+Na]+ product ion spectra, distinctive product ions were identified which allowed for these compounds to be identified and distinguished without separation for the first time. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…In France, it has been suggested that differences in risk of oesophageal cancer might be due to exposure to okadaic acid, a tumour promoter that is the main toxin present in French coastal waters. Regular shellfish consumers could be exposed to okadaic acid, also detected in mussels in Galicia, a site of important industrial mussel production [53,54]. It would be interesting to investigate if these marine biotoxins might be linked to the excess risk of oesophageal cancer that appears in this and other geographical areas in our country in subsequent studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%