Further Studies of the Chemical Sensitivity of the Oscillatory Potentials of the Electroretinogram (Erg)

Wachtmeister, Lillemor

doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1981.tb08349.x

Cited by 55 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…At the IPL, inhibitory feedback loops (involving bipolar terminals, amacrine processes, and ganglion cell dendrites) contribute to the generation of these potentials (Wachtmeister, 1998). In particular, pharmacological disruption of GABA-mediated pathways selectively abolishes oscillations in the mudpuppy retina (Wachtmeister and Dowling, 1978;Wachtmeister, 1980). Consequently, it is likely that NL2-dependent alteration of oscillatory potentials relates to the deficit in GABA A receptor clustering observed at the IPL.…”

Section: Functional Consequences Of Nl2 Deficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroligin 2 Controls the Maturation of GABAergic Synapses and Information Processing in the Retina

Hoon¹,

Bauer²,

Fritschy³

et al. 2009

Journal of Neuroscience

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In the present study, we investigated the role of Neuroligin 2 (NL2) in synaptic transmission and network function using the mouse retina as a model circuit. We show that NL2 is preferentially located at GABAergic rather than glycinergic or glutamatergic postsynapses. The absence of NL2 from the retina resulted in a severe reduction of GABA A receptor clustering, and in subtle alterations of the retinal circuitry. Light processing was impaired accordingly, and retinal ganglion cells, the output neurons of the retina, showed increased basal activity and altered coding of visual information. Together, our data indicate that NL2 is essential for the functional integrity of GABAergic signaling and as a consequence, for information processing in the retina.

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Section: Functional Consequences Of Nl2 Deficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroligin 2 Controls the Maturation of GABAergic Synapses and Information Processing in the Retina

Hoon¹,

Bauer²,

Fritschy³

et al. 2009

Journal of Neuroscience

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“…Dopaminergic inhibitory neurons are likely to underlie the OPs (Wachtmeister & Dowling 1978;Wachtmeister 1981aWachtmeister , 1998Perry & George 2007). The postnatal development and maturation of dopaminergic neurons and receptors in the IPL occur late and dopaminergic neurons are not fully responsive until Day 25 in the rat (Cohen & Neff 1982;Koulen 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our study was neither designed to separate the ON-and OFF-components of the ERG nor the OFF-contribution to the OP response. Future studies are needed for such analysis which will require, for example, longlasting stimulus light, pharmacological dissections to identify the ON-and OFF-components of the OPs (Kojima & Zrenner 1978;Wachtmeister 1981bWachtmeister , 1998Shirato et al 2008;Raghuram et al 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The OPs are superimposed on the b-wave and the first oscillation seems to be a postreceptor part of the a-wave being related to the positive trough of the double-peaked awave (el Azazi & Wachtmeister 1993;Rangaswamy et al 2003;Dong et al 2004, Lundstr€ om et al 2007). The OPs may be the only postsynaptic components that can be recorded in the conventional ERG (Wachtmeister & Dowling 1978;Wachtmeister 1980Wachtmeister , 1981aHeynen et al 1985). Furthermore, it is generally agreed that the OP activity is generated in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), where dendrites of bipolars, amacrines and ganglion cells connect (Wachtmeister & Dowling 1978;Heynen et al 1985;Rangaswamy et al 2003;Dong et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The response of the neuronal adaptive system to background illumination and readaptation to dark in the immature retina

Wang

Azazi

Eklund

et al. 2014

Acta Ophthalmologica

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ABSTRACT.Purpose: Developmental characteristics of the neuronal adaptive system of the retina, focusing on background light (BGL) adaptation and readaptation functions, were studied by measuring the oscillatory response (SOP) of the electroretinogram (ERG). Methods: Digitally filtered and conventional ERGs were simultaneously recorded. Rats aged 15 and 17 days were studied during exposure to BGLs of two mesopic intensities and during readaptation to dark. Results: Results were compared to adult rats. In 'low mesopic' BGL SOP instantly dropped significantly to about half of its dark-adapted (DA) value contrary to mature rats, in which the SOP significantly increased. In 'high mesopic' BGL SOP decreased to about 20% and 30% of DA values in immature and adult rats, respectively. The process of recovery of SOP in darkness lacked the transient enhancement immediately as BGL was turned off, characteristic of adult rats. There were no major age differences in adaptive behaviour of a-wave. In young rats, recovery of b-wave was relatively slower. Conclusions: Properties of BGL adaptation and readaptation functions of the neuronal adaptive system in baby retina differed compared to the adult one by being less forceful and more restrained. Handling of mesopic illumination and recovery in the dark was immature. Development of these functions of the neuronal adaptive system progresses postnatally and lags behind that of the photoreceptor response and seems to be delayed also compared to that of the bipolar response.

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“…However, analysis demonstrated a significant reduction of ΣOPs/a in VAD rats at week 10, despite having no changes in b/a, indicating a greater magnitude of reduction in OPs than the reduction secondary to a-wave reduction alone. OPs are considered to be generated by the activation of amacrine cells (3), which release several neurotransmitters, including dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine in order to stimulate other amacrine or ganglion cells (16,26); inhibitors of these neurotransmitters are known to decrease OPs (16). The significant reduction of ΣOPs/a in VAD rats possibly indicates that VAD affects not only the functions of photoreceptor cells but also signal transduction of inner retinal layer cells via these neurotransmitters.…”

Section: A B C Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oscillatory potentials in electroretinogram as an early marker of visual abnormalities in vitamin A deficiency

Kakiuchi

Uehara

Shiotani

et al. 2014

Molecular Medicine Reports

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Abstract. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) caused by malnutrition and certain intestinal diseases induces visual impairments, including night blindness and photoreceptor cell dysfunction as indicated by reduced a-and b-waves in an electroretinogram (ERG). The effects of VAD on the inner retinal layer cells, including amacrine and ganglion cells, remain to be elucidated. The functions of these cells are reflected in oscillatory potentials (OPs), another component of the ERG. The present study investigated inner retinal layer cell function in VAD rats by analyzing OPs. In the present study, VAD was induced by feeding Brown Norway rats a vitamin A deficient diet for 10 weeks. A reduced body weight and peri-papillary opacification indicative of papilledema without histopathological alterations were observed, which are considered early symptoms of VAD. At this stage, the ERG revealed reduced OPs as well as a-and b-waves at various intensities of light stimulation. Further analysis indicated that the ratio of the alterations in OPs was more significant than those of a-and b-waves. After 5 weeks of recovery, these changes returned to control levels. These results suggest that OPs are the most sensitive and early marker of VAD-associated visual impairment in the ERG. IntroductionRetinoids, derivatives of vitamin A (Vit A), have essential roles in visual phototransduction. In the initial step of visual phototransduction, conversion of 11-cis retinal to all-trans (AT) retinal occurs in photoreceptor cells subjected to light exposure. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) reduces this activity and subsequent downstream reactions in photoreceptor cells. As a result, patients with VAD exhibit visual abnormalities, including abnormal dark adaptation and night blindness, which may eventually progress to a severe visual impairment (1-3). Consistent with these clinical symptoms, electroretinogram (ERG) recordings in humans with VAD show decreases in amplitudes or loss of a-and b-waves, which reflect the function of photoreceptor and bipolar cells, respectively (1,3). A previous study reported that a reduced a-wave and a partial reduction of b-wave are induced by feeding albino rats a Vit A deficient diet for 8 weeks, with disintegration of the outer segments of photoreceptor cells (4). In contrast to the established effects of VAD on the a-and b-waves in ERG and histological alterations in photoreceptors, the effects of VAD on oscillatory potentials (OPs) remain to be elucidated. OPs, which are components of the ERG, are considered to be generated by the inner retinal layer cells, including amacrine and ganglion cells (5) and the reduction of OPs is known to be associated with reduced contrast sensitivity in diabetic patients (6). VAD has also been reported to reduce contrast sensitivity (7). Therefore, although, to the best of our knowledge, there are no studies indicating that VAD directly affects the formation of OPs or the function of inner retinal layer cells, it was hypothesized that OPs in ERG recordings may be affected during a state of ...

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Further Studies of the Chemical Sensitivity of the Oscillatory Potentials of the Electroretinogram (Erg)

Cited by 55 publications

References 27 publications

Neuroligin 2 Controls the Maturation of GABAergic Synapses and Information Processing in the Retina

Neuroligin 2 Controls the Maturation of GABAergic Synapses and Information Processing in the Retina

The response of the neuronal adaptive system to background illumination and readaptation to dark in the immature retina

Oscillatory potentials in electroretinogram as an early marker of visual abnormalities in vitamin A deficiency

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