Further Observations on Temporary Deafness following Exposure to Gunfire

Reid, Gavin

doi:10.1017/s0022215100008525

Cited by 22 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The latter individuals had detectable hearing loss for a long time (>2 months) after exposure, even though the depth of the hearing loss diminished over time. [ 3 ] This between-individual variation in recovery to impulse noise was also seen by Luz and Hodge[ 22 ] and by Dancer et al . [ 4 ]…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…Recreational firearms can produce peak noise levels within the range of 156-164 decibel (dB) sound pressure level (SPL)[ 1 2 ] Human challenge experiments in the past have demonstrated that a single gunshot can cause a severe temporary threshold shift (TTS),[ 3 4 ] but the susceptibility seemed highly variable. [ 3 4 5 ] The recovery period after such acoustic trauma is unpredictable and a permanent threshold shift (PTS) cannot be excluded. Today, such challenge experiments in humans would be considered unethical.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Shooting history and presence of high-frequency hearing impairment in swedish hunters: A cross-sectional internet-based observational study

et al. 2015

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The aim of this cross-sectional study among Swedish hunters was to examine the association between shooting history and presence of high-frequency hearing impairment (HFHI). All hunters registered with an e-mail address in the membership roster of the Swedish Hunters’ Association were invited via e-mail to a secure website with a questionnaire and an Internet-based audiometry test. Associations, expressed as prevalence ratio (PR), were multivariately modelled using Poisson regression. The questionnaire was answered by 1771 hunters (age 11-91 years), and 202 of them also completed the audiometry test. Subjective severe hearing loss was reported by 195/1771 (11%), while 23/202 (11%) exhibited HFHI upon testing with Internet-based audiometry. As many as 328/1771 (19%) had never used hearing protection during hunting. In the preceding 5 years, 785/1771 (45%), had fired >6 unprotected gunshots with hunting rifle calibers. The adjusted PR of HFHI when reporting 1-6 such shots, relative to 0, was 1.5 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-2.1; P = 0.02]. We could not verify any excessive HFHI prevalence among 89 hunters reporting unprotected exposure to such gunshot noise >6 times. Nor did the total number of reported rifle shots seem to matter. These findings support the notion of a wide variation in individual susceptibility to impulse noise; that significant sound energy, corresponding to unprotected noise from hunting rifle calibers, seems to be required; that susceptible individuals may sustain irreversible damage to the inner ear from just one or a few shots; and that use of hearing protection should be encouraged from the first shot with such weapons.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shooting history and presence of high-frequency hearing impairment in swedish hunters: A cross-sectional internet-based observational study

et al. 2015

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“…The adverse effects of impulsive acoustic stimuli on the hearing system have been under active investigation since at least the 1940s, when researchers began to examine the relationship between various types of gunfire and temporary deafness (Davis et al , 1946; Reid, 1946). More recently, a significant effort has been expended in attempts to develop an accurate algorithm for assessment of the relative hazard of various impulses (e.g., Price, 1983, 1986; Patterson, 1991; Price, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human ossicular-joint flexibility transforms the peak amplitude and width of impulsive acoustic stimuli

Gottlieb

Vaisbuch

Puria

2018

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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The role of the ossicular joints in the mammalian middle ear is still debated. This work tests the hypothesis that the two synovial joints filter potentially damaging impulsive stimuli by transforming both the peak amplitude and width of these impulses before they reach the cochlea. The three-dimensional (3D) velocity along the ossicular chain in unaltered cadaveric human temporal bones (N = 9), stimulated with acoustic impulses, is measured in the time domain using a Polytec (Waldbronn, Germany) CLV-3D laser Doppler vibrometer. The measurements are repeated after fusing one or both of the ossicular joints with dental cement. Sound transmission is characterized by measuring the amplitude, width, and delay of the impulsive velocity profile as it travels from the eardrum to the cochlea. On average, fusing both ossicular joints causes the stapes velocity amplitude and width to change by a factor of 1.77 (p = 0.0057) and 0.78 (p = 0.011), respectively. Fusing just the incudomalleolar joint has a larger effect on amplitude (a factor of 2.37), while fusing just the incudostapedial joint decreases the stapes velocity on average. The 3D motion of the ossicles is altered by fusing the joints. Finally, the ability of current computational models to predict this behavior is also evaluated.

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“…However, there are situations where it can reduce the TTS or permanent threshold shifts (PTS) resulting. For instance, if impulses are repeated within intervals of 2 seconds (Ward, 1962) or occur very rapidly as in machine-gun fire (Murray andReid, 1946, Reid, 1946) when the next impulse arrives before the reflex contraction to the previous one has subsided, then the auditory effect from a given number of impulses is reduced. Or, if the impulses are deliberately preceded (Fletcher and Riopelle, 1960) or accompanied (Cohen, Kylin and LaBenz, 1966) by other noises of less hazardous but still reflex arousing potential, then the TTS may be reduced.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, there is a suggestion that if intense gunfire types of impulse occur at precisely known times, as would occur when a soldier fires his own rifle, then the firer may contract his middle-ear muscles in anticipation of the noise (Djupesland, 1965) and thus possibly produce some protective effect (Reid, 1946, Coles, 1962.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Middle-Ear Activity on Auditory Threshold Shifts Induced by Noise

Brasher¹,

Coles²,

Elwood³

et al. 1969

J R Army Med Corps

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Further Observations on Temporary Deafness following Exposure to Gunfire

Cited by 22 publications

References 1 publication

Shooting history and presence of high-frequency hearing impairment in swedish hunters: A cross-sectional internet-based observational study

Shooting history and presence of high-frequency hearing impairment in swedish hunters: A cross-sectional internet-based observational study

Human ossicular-joint flexibility transforms the peak amplitude and width of impulsive acoustic stimuli

The Influence of Middle-Ear Activity on Auditory Threshold Shifts Induced by Noise

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