Further insights into the discoloration of TATB under ionizing radiation

Lewis, D.; Padfield, James; Connors, S.; Wilson, Ian D.; Akhavan, J.

doi:10.1080/07370652.2020.1716109

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…These results agree with previous studies that showed no discernable difference in HEs irradiated under nonvacuum conditions to a dose of 7 kGy, 3.5 times the dose used in this study. Some previous studies ,,− have found that ionizing radiation can increase an explosive’s sensitivity to impact, making the explosive more sensitive, but those studies utilized larger doses and dose rates than used in this study. Additionally, previous studies reveal that the irradiation environment plays a key part in the post-irradiation drop height results.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Explosives are extensively employed on space shuttles to initiate a variety of pyromechanisms such as component separation and parachute deployment since explosives can generate the necessary impulse without adding much weight to the payload. − Once the space shuttle is beyond the Earth’s magnetosphere, it and everything onboard will then be exposed to larger ionizing radiation fields than those on Earth though these dose rates are similarly modest in comparison to other radiation application environments. A number of studies focused on the radiation aging of HEs have been conducted, − but their relevance to natural aging conditions is uncertain as both the dose and dose rate can have an effect on the radiation aging of materials. Although this study also utilizes an accelerated dose rate with respect to natural aging conditions, it is the lowest dose rate reported in any published literature thus far.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Low-Level Gamma Radiation on Common Nitroaromatic, Nitramine, and Nitrate Ester Explosives

et al. 2022

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The aging of high explosives in an ionizing radiation field is not well understood, and little work has been done in the low dose and low dose rate regime. In this study, four explosives were exposed to low-level gamma irradiation from a 137Cs source: PETN, PATO, and PBX 9501 both with and without the Irganox 1010 stabilizer. Post-irradiation analysis included GC–MS of the headspace gas, SEM of the pellets and powder, NMR spectroscopy, DSC analysis, impact sensitivity tests, and ESD sensitivity tests. Overall, no significant change to the materials was seen for the dose and dose rate explored in this study. A small change in the 1H NMR spectrum of PETN was observed and SEM and ESD results suggest a surface energy change in PATO, but these differences are minor and do not appear to have a substantial impact on the handling safety.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Low-Level Gamma Radiation on Common Nitroaromatic, Nitramine, and Nitrate Ester Explosives

et al. 2022

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“…The DSC technique has been applied to TATB in previous publications [28][29][30][31][34][35][36][37]. The results have been widely varied, particularly in the relationship of the two exotherms, whether the first is a leading edge shoulder or a distinct exotherm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative analysis of sublimation and thermal decomposition of TATB

Koroglu,

Burnham,

Mashiana

et al. 2023

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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This experimental study investigated the effects of confinement, starting mass, and heating rate on TATB thermal decomposition and sublimation using a combined Thermo‐Gravimetric Analyzer and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TGA/DSC) instrument. The confinement of volatile products was varied using different pinhole sizes with TGA/DSC pans. The measurements showed the open pan experiments without lids/pinholes resulted in complete sublimation of TATB between 320 °C and 360 °C. The heat of sublimation was determined to be 176 kJ/mol (42 kcal /mol), consistent with literature data obtained from other experimental techniques. The use of pinholes suppressed the sublimation of TATB such that the decrease in pinhole size resulted in 1) an increase in the enthalpy of reaction and an increase in the amount of carbonaceous material remaining at the end of decomposition, and 2) convergence of the two peak temperatures corresponding to maximum heat flow and maximum weight loss. Also, a transition from a two‐exotherm thermal decomposition behavior towards a single‐exotherm occurred as the pinhole size was decreased for a given starting mass or as the starting mass was increased for a given pinhole size. These results indicate the kinetics of TATB sublimation, TATB thermal decomposition, and gas diffusion out of a TGA/DSC pan can all compete and result in significantly different enthalpies, amounts of remaining materials, and peak temperatures depending on the pinhole size and starting mass used in the measurements. The results also indicate precise control of process variables (pinhole size, starting mass, and heating rate) in TGA/DSC measurements is required for thermal safety assessment of explosives.

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“…FX1 is stable enough to be isolated pure [26] on a large scale [27] and is used as a standard in this study. F1 is reported in the literature as a pure stable compound [38,39]. However, the synthesis of a pure compound has yet to be accomplished by the reported method.…”

Section: Trace Components Detectedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace Compound Analysis in TATB by Liquid Chromatography coupled with Spectroscopic and Spectrometric Detection

Coffee

Panasci‐Nott

Stewart

et al. 2022

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Accurate quantitation of 1,3,5‐triamino‐2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene (TATB) is important because of its strategic use as an energetic material. A purity determination is also needed for the proper assessment of performance. A fast and sensitive method has been developed to measure the purity of TATB in polymer‐bonded materials. The target material is extracted with DMSO, and the extract is separated on a reversed‐phase chromatography column. The column effluent is monitored by diode array detection (DAD) at 354 nm. The characteristic UV‐Vis response and retention time identify the individual components when compared to pure compound standards. The chemical structures of compounds with no pure standards available have been determined by high‐resolution mass spectrometry (MS) and MS/MS. The major component, TATB, along with 1‐chloro‐3,5‐dinitro‐2,4,6‐triaminobenzene (T4A) and mono‐benzofuroxan (FX1) were quantitated directly from pure compound standards. Several trace concentration components, mono‐benzofurazan (F1), 1‐bromo‐3,5‐dinitro‐2,4,6‐triaminobenzene (Br‐T4A), 2,4,6‐triamino‐1‐nitroso‐3,5‐dinitrobenzene (MN‐TATB), 2,4,6‐triamino‐1‐hydroxyl‐3,5‐dinitrobenzene (HO‐TATB), and 2,4,6‐triamino‐1‐nitrile‐3,5‐dinitrobenzene (Nitrile‐TATB) were also detected and structures verified via MS/MS. Approximate concentrations were determined using calibrations from standards of similar structures. Additional trace components were also detected by MS. Contained herein are the results of analyses of TATB‐based materials characterized for polymer‐bonded formulations compared to different preparations of TATB. The accuracy, details, and process of developing this method are reported here.

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Further insights into the discoloration of TATB under ionizing radiation

Cited by 8 publications

References 11 publications

Effects of Low-Level Gamma Radiation on Common Nitroaromatic, Nitramine, and Nitrate Ester Explosives

Effects of Low-Level Gamma Radiation on Common Nitroaromatic, Nitramine, and Nitrate Ester Explosives

Comparative analysis of sublimation and thermal decomposition of TATB

Trace Compound Analysis in TATB by Liquid Chromatography coupled with Spectroscopic and Spectrometric Detection

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