Further hominoid postcranial specimens from the Late Miocene Nagri formation of Pakistan

Rose, Michael D.

doi:10.1016/s0047-2484(86)80016-1

Cited by 103 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Some of the species extend back into the middle Miocene, for example Sivapithecus sivalensis, and they are similar functionally to middle Miocene European apes, with relatively robust jaws and thick-enamelled teeth. Some have similarities of the skull with the orangutan, but the few postcrania show no suspensory adaptations and indicate a strong element of terrestriality in their locomotion (Pilbeam, 1982(Pilbeam, , 1996(Pilbeam, , 2004Pilbeam et al, 1990;Rose, 1984Rose, , 1986Rose, , 1988Rose, , 1989Rose, , 1994Rose, , 1997. Laccopithecus robustus from late Miocene deposits in China is an ape similar to hylobatids in its skull and dental formation, but a single proximal phalanx is long and curved, like that of Hispanopithecus and gibbons (Wu and Pan, 1984;Meldrum and Pan, 1988;Begun, 2002).…”

Section: Morphology Of Fossil Apesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One is the Indian ape Sivapithecus sivalensis, the earliest record for which is about 12 Ma, and which gives a minimum age for the origin of the orangutan lineage (Pilbeam, 1996;Pilbeam et al, 1990). However, the postcranial skeleton of this fossil ape is nothing like that of the orangutan (Rose, 1984(Rose, , 1986(Rose, , 1989, whereas the skeleton and some aspects of the skull of Hispanopithecus laietanus from nine-million-year-old deposits in Spain have many similarities with the orangutan (Moyà-Solà and Köhler, 1996;Moyà-Solà et al, 2004, 2009a, 2009b. There is little likelihood, however, that S. indicus and H. laietanus are closely related, and it is clear that one or the other is converging on the orangutan, but which one?…”

Section: Divergence Date Of Gibbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gibbons and hominoid ancestry

Andrews¹,

Johnson²

2015

Taxonomic Tapestries: The Threads of Evolutionary, Behavioural and Conservation Research

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Section: Morphology Of Fossil Apesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Divergence Date Of Gibbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gibbons and hominoid ancestry

Andrews¹,

Johnson²

2015

Taxonomic Tapestries: The Threads of Evolutionary, Behavioural and Conservation Research

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“…Due to its potential as a reliable indicator of locomotor behavior, phalangeal curvature has been studied through biomechanical, ontogenetic, and comparative analyses to uncover the nature of the functional relationshisps (Preuschoft, 1973;Stern and Susman, 1983;Susman et al, 1984;Rose, 1986;Stern et al, 1995;Jungers et al, 1997;Richmond, 1998Richmond, , 2007Deane et al, 2005;Deane and Begun, 2008). Phalangeal curvature has been measured most often using the included angle of curvature, which can be calculated from three linear measurements (see Material and Methods section; Susman et al, 1984;Rose, 1986;Stern et al, 1995;Jungers et al, 1997;Richmond, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phalangeal curvature has been measured most often using the included angle of curvature, which can be calculated from three linear measurements (see Material and Methods section; Susman et al, 1984;Rose, 1986;Stern et al, 1995;Jungers et al, 1997;Richmond, 1998). Deane et al (2005) introduced a new method using high-resolution polynomial curve fitting that can measure curvature on fragmentary fossil specimens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skeletal correlates of quadrupedalism and climbing in the anthropoid forelimb: Implications for inferring locomotion in Miocene catarrhines

Rein

Harrison

Zollikofer

2011

Journal of Human Evolution

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Several well-known Miocene catarrhines, including Proconsul heseloni, have been inferred to combine quadrupedal walking in an arboreal substrate with a significant amount of climbing during locomotion. The degree to which some of these species were adapted to perform these behaviors is not fully understood due to the mosaic of 'ape-like' and 'monkey-like' traits identified in the forelimb. Given these unique combinations of forelimb features in the fossils, we report on forelimb traits that should be emphasized when investigating skeletal adaptation to quadrupedalism (defined in this manuscript as symmetrical gait movement on horizontal supports, excluding knuckle-walking) and climbing (including both vertical climbing and clambering). We investigate the correspondence between: 1) quadrupedalism and two well-known forelimb traits, humeral torsion and olecranon process length, and 2) climbing and phalangeal curvature. We also test the degree of phylogenetic signal in these relationships using phylogenetic generalized least-squares and branch length transformation methods in order to determine the models of best-fit. We present models that can be used to predict proportions of quadrupedalism and climbing in extant and extinct anthropoid taxa. Each trait-behavior correlation is significant and characterized by an absence of phylogenetic signal. Thus, we employ models assuming a star phylogeny to predict locomotor proportions. The climbing model based on phalangeal curvature and a proxy for size provides the most accurate predictions of behavior across anthropoids. The two quadrupedalism models are less accurate, but distinguish highly quadrupedal species from those that are not. Predictive equations based on these traits support the inference that P. heseloni performed a high proportion of quadrupedalism with a significant climbing component. The degree of phalangeal curvature measured in Pliopithecus vindobonensis predicts that this Miocene catarrhine species performed a proportion of climbing similar to Proconsul, while humeral torsion and olecranon process length provide conflicting inferences of quadrupedal locomotion in this species. to combine quadrupedal walking in an arboreal substrate with a significant amount of climbing during locomotion. The degree to which some of these species were adapted to perform these behaviors is not fully understood due to the mosaic of "apelike" and "monkeylike" traits identified in the forelimb. Given these unique combinations of forelimb features in the fossils, we report on forelimb traits that should be emphasized when investigating skeletal adaptation to quadrupedalism (defined in this manuscript as symmetrical gait movement on horizontal supports excluding knuckle-walking) and climbing (including both vertical climbing and clambering). We investigate the correspondence between: 1) quadrupedalism and two wellknown forelimb traits, humeral torsion and olecranon process length, and 2) climbing and phalangeal curvature. We also test the degree of phylogenetic signa...

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“…The largest of these, S. parvada (ca. 10 Ma), has an estimated body mass range of roughly 50e90 kg based on postcranial remains, with presumed female remains comparable in size to chimpanzees and presumed male remains comparable to female gorillas (Rose, 1986;Kelley, 1988;Pilbeam et al, 1991;Spoor et al, 1991). The other two species are smaller, and estimates of their body mass are less certain because of limited postcranial remains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molar crown formation in the Late Miocene Asian hominoids, Sivapithecus parvada and Sivapithecus indicus

Mahoney

Smith

Schwartz

et al. 2007

Journal of Human Evolution

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During the past decade, studies of enamel development have provided a broad temporal and geographic perspective on evolutionary developmental biology in Miocene hominoids. Here we report some of the first data for molar crown development in one hominoid genus, Sivapithecus. The data are compared to a range of extant and extinct hominoids.Crown formation times (CFTs), daily rates of enamel secretion (DSR), Retzius line number and periodicity, and relative enamel thickness (RET) were calculated in a mandibular first molar of Sivapithecus parvada and a maxillary first molar of Sivapithecus indicus from the Siwalik sequence of Pakistan. A CFT of 2.40 years for the protoconid of S. parvada and 2.25 years for the protocone of S. indicus lie within the range of first molar (M1) formation times for the majority of Miocene hominoids (1.96e2.40 years, excluding Proconsul heseloni), and are similar to an M 1 from Gorilla (2.31 years) and M 1 s from Pan (2.22e2.39 years). This is unlike the longer CFTs in modern humans, which appear to be linked with their extended growth period. In contrast to extant great apes and humans, daily rates of enamel secretion are rapid in the Sivapithecus M1s during the early stages of growth, which seems to be a common pattern for most Miocene apes. The rapid accumulation of cuspal enamel in the Sivapithecus molars produced thicker enamel than either Pan or Gorilla in a comparable period of time. Future studies on larger samples of living and fossil hominoids are needed to clarify trends in crown development, which may be better understood in the context of life history strategies coupled with good data on body mass and brain size.

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Further hominoid postcranial specimens from the Late Miocene Nagri formation of Pakistan

Cited by 103 publications

References 6 publications

Gibbons and hominoid ancestry

Gibbons and hominoid ancestry

Skeletal correlates of quadrupedalism and climbing in the anthropoid forelimb: Implications for inferring locomotion in Miocene catarrhines

Molar crown formation in the Late Miocene Asian hominoids, Sivapithecus parvada and Sivapithecus indicus

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