Further Efforts to Influence X-Ray Cataract by Chemical Agents

Sallmann, L.

doi:10.1001/archopht.1952.00920010284002

Cited by 28 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…This is in agreement with other investi gations in which cysteine diminished many of the biological effects of radiation on: bacteria [16|, lymphocytes in vitro [30], mouse tumor [19|, animals [28, 35J, hair follicles [19), crystalline lens [39], leucopenia and anemia [29], However, the optimal protective effects almost invariably require dosages uncomfortably near the lethal level, regardless of the route of administration [32).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Cysteine Protection Against the Morphologic Effects of X-Irradiation on Mouse Spleen

Bari¹

1968

Pathobiology

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Cysteine Protection Against the Morphologic Effects of X-Irradiation on Mouse Spleen

Bari¹

1968

Pathobiology

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“…(586) Within 2 years of the first reports of radiation cataract in cyclotron workers and victims of the atomic bombings, it was reported that local or systemic administration of cysteine prevented lid epilation and greatly delayed cataract formation in rabbits whose eyes were exposed to 15 Gy of x rays (Von Sallmann et al, 1951;Von Sallmann, 1952). The authors reported that this finding suggests that the primary site of the protective effect of cysteine occurs in lens fibre cells, which do not contain nuclei.…”

Section: Sulfhydryl Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

ICRP PUBLICATION 118: ICRP Statement on Tissue Reactions and Early and Late Effects of Radiation in Normal Tissues and Organs — Threshold Doses for Tissue Reactions in a Radiation Protection Context

Stewart¹,

Akleyev²,

et al. 2012

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This report provides a review of early and late effects of radiation in normal tissues and organs with respect to radiation protection. It was instigated following a recommendation in Publication 103 (ICRP, 2007), and it provides updated estimates of 'practical' threshold doses for tissue injury defined at the level of 1% incidence. Estimates are given for morbidity and mortality endpoints in all organ systems following acute, fractionated, or chronic exposure. The organ systems comprise the haematopoietic, immune, reproductive, circulatory, respiratory, musculoskeletal, endocrine, and nervous systems; the digestive and urinary tracts; the skin; and the eye. Particular attention is paid to circulatory disease and cataracts because of recent evidence of higher incidences of injury than expected after lower doses; hence, threshold doses appear to be lower than previously considered. This is largely because of the increasing incidences with increasing times after exposure. In the context of protection, it is the threshold doses for very long follow-up times that are the most relevant for workers and the public; for example, the atomic bomb survivors with 40-50years of follow-up. Radiotherapy data generally apply for shorter follow-up times because of competing causes of death in cancer patients, and hence the risks of radiation-induced circulatory disease at those earlier times are lower. A variety of biological response modifiers have been used to help reduce late reactions in many tissues. These include antioxidants, radical scavengers, inhibitors of apoptosis, anti-inflammatory drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, growth factors, and cytokines. In many cases, these give dose modification factors of 1.1-1.2, and in a few cases 1.5-2, indicating the potential for increasing threshold doses in known exposure cases. In contrast, there are agents that enhance radiation responses, notably other cytotoxic agents such as antimetabolites, alkylating agents, anti-angiogenic drugs, and antibiotics, as well as genetic and comorbidity factors. Most tissues show a sparing effect of dose fractionation, so that total doses for a given endpoint are higher if the dose is fractionated rather than when given as a single dose. However, for reactions manifesting very late after low total doses, particularly for cataracts and circulatory disease, it appears that the rate of dose delivery does not modify the low incidence. This implies that the injury in these cases and at these low dose levels is caused by single-hit irreparable-type events. For these two tissues, a threshold dose of 0.5Gy is proposed herein for practical purposes, irrespective of the rate of dose delivery, and future studies may elucidate this judgement further.

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“…In contrast to the positive effects in the lens, with the administration of sulfhydryl compounds, in the conjunctiva, cornea and iris, protective effects after irradiation were not observed. Relatively more recent studies by Kobayashi et al, showed that 2-mercaptopropionylglycine and glutathione isopropyl ester (YM737) somewhat inhibited the progression of X-ray-induced cataracts in rats irradiated with 10 Gy [90,91]. Reddy et al, administered 500 mg/kg amifostine before irradiation, which provided some protection against gamma-induced cataracts in experimental animals [92].…”

Section: Prevention and Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation-induced eye impairments

Hristov

2024

IJCCR

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The problem of the impact of ionizing radiation on eye structures is one of the most important and topical in radiobiology. Knowledge of tissue radiosensitivity and induced tissue changes in the eye is essential for understanding the nature of radiation damage and the behavior of medical professionals. In this publication, the early and late determined radiation-induced impairments of the eye are presented as a result of radiotherapy or radiation incidents. The risk factors determining post-irradiation eye reactions, pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical picture, diagnosis, prevention, and new approaches in therapy are presented. We found that the typically found radiation-induced eye impairments are those of the eyelids – dermatosis and madarosis, conjunctiva – acute conjunctivitis, varied damage to the lacrimal apparatus, cornea – edema and ulceration, iris – rarely inflammation or neovascularization, sclera – rarely atrophy or necrosis, eye lens – cataract, retina – characteristic retinopathy, and optical nerve – rarely neuropathy. We provide the current consensus on prevention and treatment protocols in radiation-induced eye impairments, though most suggested treatment so far should qualify as experimental.

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Further Efforts to Influence X-Ray Cataract by Chemical Agents

Cited by 28 publications

References 34 publications

Cysteine Protection Against the Morphologic Effects of X-Irradiation on Mouse Spleen

Cysteine Protection Against the Morphologic Effects of X-Irradiation on Mouse Spleen

ICRP PUBLICATION 118: ICRP Statement on Tissue Reactions and Early and Late Effects of Radiation in Normal Tissues and Organs — Threshold Doses for Tissue Reactions in a Radiation Protection Context

Radiation-induced eye impairments

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