Further analyses of clock drawings among demented and nondemented older subjects

Libon, David J.; Malamut, Barbara L.; Swenson, Rodney; Sands, Laura P.; Cloud, Blaine S.

doi:10.1093/arclin/11.3.193

Cited by 139 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…1). According to several authors [21,88,125,126,201,202], the CDT is able to distinguish different severity levels and clinical forms of dementia, but other authors reported contrasting findings with respect to both issues [65,123,128,131,158]. These deceiving results are probably due to two main factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Drawing Disorders in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Forms of Dementia

Trojano

Gainotti

2016

JAD

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Abstract. Drawing is a multicomponential process that can be impaired by many kinds of brain lesions. Drawing disorders are very common in Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia, and can provide clinical information for the distinction of the different dementing diseases. In our review we started from an overview of the neural and cognitive bases of drawing, and from a recollection of the drawing tasks more frequently used for assessing individuals with dementia. Then, we analyzed drawing disorders in dementia, paying special attention to those observed in Alzheimer's disease, from the prodromal stages of the amnesic mild cognitive impairment to the stages of full-blown dementia, both in the sporadic forms with late onset in the entorhino-hippocampal structures and in those with early onset in the posterior neocortical structures. We reviewed the drawing features that could differentiate Alzheimer's disease from vascular dementia and from the most frequent forms of degenerative dementia, namely frontotemporal dementia and Lewy body disease. Finally, we examined some peculiar aspects of drawing disorders in dementia, such as perseverations, rotations, and closing-in. We argue that a careful analysis of drawing errors helps to differentiate the different forms of dementia more than overall accuracy in drawing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Drawing Disorders in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Forms of Dementia

Trojano

Gainotti

2016

JAD

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“…Posterior brain regions are essential for drawing tasks, which involve the perception/semantic recall of an image, planning, and the subsequent motor program ming for task execution. CDT usually presents moderate cor relations with other measures of visuospatial proces sing, such as block assembly and figure drawing 12,13 . Patients with vascular lesions, especially those on the posterior right he misphere 1,34 , usually show expressive impairment in the CDT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite these factors, the CDT usually shows significant correlations with measures of visuospatial abilities 12 , execu tive functions 3 , semantic processing 13 , or more global and diffuse cognitive abilities 8 . In Brazil, it is primarily used for the assessment of executive functions 14 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Mapping the clockworks: what does the Clock Drawing Test assess in normal and pathological aging?

Paula

Miranda

Moraes

et al. 2013

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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Brief cognitive tests are widely used in neuropsychology and related areas, in order to assess and diagnose develop mental, neurological, and psychiatric conditions. The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is also adopted as a screening tool for cognitive impairment in several conditions such as dementia, stroke, schizophrenia, mild cognitive impairment and mood disorders¹. The CDT basically consists of the drawing of dif ferent elements of a clock, including the clock face, numbers, and arrow-hands. The instructions and scoring methods vary according to each version. Influences of aging and education are also related to test performance, where children and the elderly perform worse than adults and lower education asso ciates with worse performance².Different versions of the CDT were developed. Although very similar and highly correlated³, they differ in diagnosis accuracy 4 and probably on the cognitive processes involved ABSTRACTThe Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a cognitive screening tool used in clinical and research settings. Despite its role on the assessment of global cognitive functioning, the specific cognitive components required for test performance are still unclear. We aim to assess the role of executive functioning, global cognitive status, visuospatial abilities, and semantic knowledge on Shulman's CDT performance. Fifty-three mild cognitive impairment, 60 Alzheimer's dementia, and 57 normal elderly controls performed the CDT, the Frontal Assessment Battery, the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Stick Design Test, and a naming test (TN-LIN). An ordinal regression assessed specific neuropsychological in fluences on CDT performance. All the cognitive variables were related to the CDT, accounting for 53% of variance. The strongest association was between the CDT and executive functions, followed by global cognitive status, visuospatial processing, and semantic knowledge. Our result confirms the multidimensional nature of the test and the major role of executive functions on performance.Keywords: clock drawing test, executive functions, visuospatial abilities, semantic knowledge, dementia. Palavras-chave: teste do desenho do relógio, funções executivas, habilidades visioespaciais, conhecimento semântico, demência. RESUMO

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“…This test was similar to one used by Libon et al [17]. Before the test, we removed the wall clock from the room and asked participants to remove their watches.…”

Section: Clock Drawing Test (Visuospatial Test)mentioning

confidence: 99%