Fungus Toxins Affecting Mammals

Brook, P. J.; White, E. P.

doi:10.1146/annurev.py.04.090166.001131

Cited by 69 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The secretion of proteolytic enzymes plays an important role during entry and invasive growth of Rhizopus in human tissues (Odds, 1991). Crude fungal extracts of Rhizopus have been shown to contain mycotoxins (Brook & White, 1966), although, as with a number of other important mycotoxins (Gupta et al , 2000), these have not yet been extensively investigated for their role in human infections. It is interesting to note that the combination of being black (i.e.…”

Section: Examples Of Microorganisms That Have Accomplished Cross‐kingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity: how do pathogenic microorganisms develop cross-kingdom host jumps?

et al. 2007

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It is common knowledge that pathogenic viruses can change hosts, with avian influenza, the HIV, and the causal agent of variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob encephalitis as well-known examples. Less well known, however, is that host jumps also occur with more complex pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. In extreme cases, these host jumps even cross kingdom of life barriers. A number of requirements need to be met to enable a microorganism to cross such kingdom barriers. Potential cross-kingdom pathogenic microorganisms must be able to come into close and frequent contact with potential hosts, and must be able to overcome or evade host defences. Reproduction on, in, or near the new host will ensure the transmission or release of successful genotypes. An unexpectedly high number of cross-kingdom host shifts of bacterial and fungal pathogens are described in the literature. Interestingly, the molecular mechanisms underlying these shifts show commonalities. The evolution of pathogenicity towards novel hosts may be based on traits that were originally developed to ensure survival in the microorganism's original habitat, including former hosts.

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Section: Examples Of Microorganisms That Have Accomplished Cross‐kingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity: how do pathogenic microorganisms develop cross-kingdom host jumps?

et al. 2007

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“…1 These compounds have been found in both human foods and animal feeds, and have been implicated in numerous animal disorders. 2 Mycotoxins may appear in grains and their derivatives under 'usual' conditions of culture, harvest, post-harvest handling and transformation, remaining in the foods and feeds long after processing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxin‐detoxification achieved with Mexican traditional nixtamalization process (MTNP) is reversible

et al. 2004

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To evaluate the effectiveness of maize detoxification achieved with the Mexican traditional nixtamalization process (MTNP), grain contaminated with 678.3 µg/kg of total aflatoxins was processed into tortillas. The MTNP caused an apparent 93.2% decrease in aflatoxin content in tortillas. However, extracts acidification prior to mycotoxin quantification caused in maize dough (masa) a 57.2% reformation of the original aflatoxin and 33.9% in tortillas. According to these results, the MTNP seems not to be safe for total detoxification, since a high percentage of the original aflatoxin content can be reverted to the original fluorescent form by the acidic medium. Acidification of the aflatoxin extracts, as occurs during digestion, would lead to a rebuilding of the aflatoxin molecule.

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“…cereal grains with certain fungal species and the subsequent development of their toxic metabolites have been recently recognized to cause disease (mycotoxicosis) in farm animals (Forgacs et a/., 1962;Forgacs, 1964;Gilgan et ai, 1966;Brook and White, 1966) and humans (Joffe, 1964). The fungal flora and resulting toxic metabolites naturally occuring in cereal grains were closely related to the prevailing environmental conditions.…”

Section: Introduction T He Contamination Of Corn and Othermentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of T-2 Toxin on Reproductive Performance and Health of Laying Hens ,

Mirocha

Kurtz

et al. 1977

Poultry Science

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Purified T-2 toxin was fed to S.C.W.L. hens at levels of 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 p.p.m. of an otherwise balanced diet. Feed consumption, egg production and shell thickness were significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased in hens fed 8 p.p.m. as compared with control hens. The fertility and progeny performance were not depressed by feeding T-2 toxin, but the hatchability of fertile eggs of hens fed 2 and 8 p.p.m. was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower than that of hens fed the control diet. The weights of liver, heart, gizzard and spleen were not influenced by T-2 toxin. Serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, LDH and uric acid of hens fed high concentrations of T-2 toxin were greater than those of control hens. SGPT in hens fed 8.0 p.p.m. was lower when compared with control hens. No outward changes in hematocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocyte, leukocyte and differential leukocyte counts were noted with feeding T-2 toxin. Most hens fed T-2 toxin developed oral lesions: circumscribed proliferative yellow caseous plaques at the margin of the beak, mucosa of the hard palate and angle of the mouth, and tongue. The incidence and severity of lesions were proportional to the dietary level of T-2 toxin. The only other lesion observed in necropsy examination at the end of the experiment was the small mucosal ulcer in the anterior portion of the gizzard in hens fed high levels of T-2 toxin. Microscostrointestinal tract, etc.) revealed no significant pathological change except the necrotic lesions in the gizzard and crop.

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Fungus Toxins Affecting Mammals

Cited by 69 publications

References 35 publications

Molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity: how do pathogenic microorganisms develop cross-kingdom host jumps?

Molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity: how do pathogenic microorganisms develop cross-kingdom host jumps?

Aflatoxin‐detoxification achieved with Mexican traditional nixtamalization process (MTNP) is reversible

Effects of T-2 Toxin on Reproductive Performance and Health of Laying Hens ,

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