Fungicide resistance characterised across seven modes of action in<i>Botrytis cinerea</i>isolated from Australian vineyards

Harper, Lincoln A.; Paton, Scott; Hall, Barbara; McKay, Suzanne; Oliver, Richard P.; Lopez‐Ruiz, Francisco J.

doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437981

Cited by 1 publication

(3 citation statements)

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“…In the boscalid-resistant fraction of the populations originating from all the sampled hosts, H272R was found to be, by far, the most common mutation followed by N230I, while other mutations such as H272Y or P225F were found in very low frequencies. These results are in line with the results of several other studies conducted worldwide, suggesting that H272R is the most common sdhB mutation conferring resistance to some of the SDHI fungicides (Hu et al, 2016;Harper et al, 2022). Interestingly, in our study, an increase of the N230I mutation frequency accompanied by a decrease in the frequency of H272Y mutation was observed, compared to frequencies reported in previous monitoring studies conducted in Greece on the same hosts and the same sampling regions (Veloukas et al, 2011;Konstantinou et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The dry climate of the Mediterranean region contributes to a relatively low risk for gray mold development on grapes and, thus, in a limited number of botryticide applications in contrast to northwestern Europe where grapevines are heavily treated with botryticides. Similarly low resistance frequencies have been observed in B. cinerea populations from grapes in Australia, while in northwestern European countries, resistance frequencies in the grape populations are higher (Leroch et al, 2011;Walker et al, 2013;Harper et al, 2022). Differences in the frequencies of fungicide resistance within B. cinerea populations originating from different hosts have been observed on several crops and several places of the world and have been correlated with differences in the level of crop susceptibility to the pathogen, the total number of fungicide spray applications applied on the crop, and the availability of cultural control methods as an alternative to chemicals (Cosseboom and Hu, 2021.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…The second MDR genotype identified in the current study was a set of MDR1 isolates possessing seven different mutations in the mrr1 sequence. Most of these mutations have already been reported as mrr1 mutations associated with the overexpression of BcatrB in MDR1 isolates from Europe, Australia, and the USA (Kretschmer et al, 2009;Leroch et al, 2013;Fernandez-Ortuno et al, 2015;Harper et al, 2022). Interestingly, the third genotype identified as MDR1 was a set of isolates that possessed only the V575G substitution in mrr1 gene.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Multiple and multidrug resistance in Botrytis cinerea: molecular mechanisms of MLR/MDR strains in Greece and effects of co-existence of different resistance mechanisms on fungicide sensitivity

Sofianos,

Samaras,

Karaoglanidis

2023

Front. Plant Sci.

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Botrytis cinerea is a high-risk pathogen for fungicide resistance development. Within the fungal populations, strains have developed multiple mutations in different target genes leading to multiple resistance (MLR) or mutations associated with overexpression of efflux transporters leading to multidrug resistance (MDR). These types of resistance are a major threat, and their successful management is a major challenge. The current study was initiated to a) determine frequencies of MLR/MDR strains in populations originating from several crops, b) identify the types of MDR that occur in Greece, and c) determine interactions between MLR and MDR at the level of sensitivity to botryticides. The frequencies of MLR/MDR phenotypes were determined in 515 isolates subjected to bioassays using discriminatory concentrations of thiophanate-methyl, iprodione, cyprodinil, fenhexamid, boscalid, fluopyram, fludioxonil, pyraclostrobin, and tolnaftate. Interestingly, 7.8% and 31.3% of isolates from strawberry and rootstock seedlings were resistant to every single fungicide class, while MDR phenotypes from strawberries, rootstocks, and tomatoes accounted for 26%, 87%, and 13.4%, respectively. The MLR and MDR isolates were further molecularly analyzed regarding genes erg27, sdhB, Bcpos5, and Mrr1, responsible for resistance to fenhexamid, boscalid and fluopyram, cyprodinil, and MDR, respectively. The different mutations’ presence was determined along with a new mutation in Mrr1 leading to MDR. MDR isolates were characterized as MDR1 or MDR1h based on the presence of a 3-bp deletion in Mrr1. MDR1h was predominant in isolates from rootstocks and MDR1 from tomatoes and strawberries, whereas the most frequent target-site mutations were F412S (erg27), H272R (sdhB), and L412F (Bcpos5). To determine whether the accumulation of target-site mutations along with MDR mutations exhibits an additive effect concerning fungicide resistance, the sensitivity of isolates possessing the predominant target-site mutations was calculated in both the presence and the absence of MDR-associated mutations. EC50 in cyprodinil and boscalid increased to about twofold in the presence of MDR mutations, while there was no difference for fenhexamid. In conclusion, MLR/MDR frequencies are notably high in heavily treated crops in Greece, and the combination of MLR and MDR mutations leads to even higher fungicide resistance levels, highlighting the importance of resistance management.

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