Fungicide-Free Management of Papaya Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.) Disease Using Combined Bio-Rationales and Bee Wax in Organic Agriculture

Abstract

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is an economically important orchard crop, mainly cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Due its excellent medicinal value, papaw is recommended for daily consumption by medical professionals as fresh fruit. Papaya production is being hampered by papaya Anthracnose disease, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, which is inflicting major economic losses of around 40–100% during field cultivation, transportation, and storage in organic agriculture. An investigation was planned to assess the antifungal capacity of the medicinal plants Spinacia oleracea, Limonia acidissima, Allium sativum, Achyranthes aspera, Calotropis gigantea, Ocimum basilicum, Mukia scabrella, Ficus racemose, Azadiracta indica, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Lantana camara and Ocimum cinnamon combined with bee wax coating against papaya anthracnose disease. Fifty-percent concentrations of botanical were extracted from dried leaves using a methanol-based solvent extraction method. Two sets of partially ripened non-infected marketable papaya fruits were collected and treated with 50% concentration of botanical extracts and allowed to dry. One set was coated with melted wax by spraying under cool conditions using a power sprayer, along with a non-treated control. These experimental setups were arranged in a complete randomized design with five replicates. Four hours after wax coating, both sets were inoculated with spores of C. gloeosporioides. Data on disease incidence, disease severity (0–5 scale), number of days for disease-free period, pH, and TSS were measured in both sets and ANOVA was performed using SAS software. Duncan’s Multiple Ranges Test (DMRT) was used to determine the least significant differences among the treatments at p < 0.05. The results show that disease incidence and severity in O. basilicum + bee wax treated fruits was 0% and 5%, respectively, and significant at p < 0.05 until the 10th day post-inoculation; thereafter, disease incidence and severity were slowly increased to 15% on the 14th day post-inoculation, but in other treatments and the control, disease incidence and severity varied from 60–80% and 100%, respectively, from the fifth day post-inoculation. Moreover, bee wax-coated papaya fruits showed significantly higher preserved days, to a maximum of 17.047 ± 3.86. Weight loss percentage, pH and TSS were not significantly on par among wax-coated treatments but were significant when compared with wax-free treatments. This study concludes that the combined application O. basilicum + bee wax is a promising alternative to nasty fungicides.

Broad-Spectrum Antifungal, Biosurfactants and Bioemulsifier Activity of Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii—A Potential Biocontrol and Bioremediation Agent in Agriculture

“…Fungal species of the phyla Ascomycota, such as the genera Botryosphaeria , Ceratocystis , Fusarium , Glomerella and Colletotrichum and Basidiomycota, e.g., Armillaria , Erythricium , Ganoderma and Rigidoporus , are phytopathogens numerous and significant [ 3 ]. For example, anthracnose is a fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz and Sacc, which provoke large yield and quality losses of up to 40 and 100% [ 5 ]. Current control strategies for various phytopathogenic fungi include synthetic fungicides.…”