Fungi and the Rise of Mammals

Casadevall, Arturo

doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002808

Cited by 80 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…Angiosperms underwent drastic genomic and phenotypic changes to survive the climatic and environmental changes in this period, including prevalently detected WGDs across different angiosperm lineages and increased leaf vein density (Blonder et al, 2014;Vanneste et al, 2014). A hypothesis has been proposed that the documented bloom in fungal diversity during this period triggered the decline of reptiles, as well as promoted the expansion of mammalian species, which have a more evolved immune system and body temperature (Vajda and McLoughlin, 2004;Casadevall, 2012). Actually, most fungal families diverged during the Cretaceous, and most fungal genera diverged at the K-P boundary, such as Botryosphaeriacea and Fusarium, which are two fungal groups with many species that cause severe pathogenicity Slippers et al, 2013;Hedges et al, 2015).…”

Section: Differential Expansion During Angiosperm Evolution Shaped Tnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-Scale Analyses of Angiosperm Nucleotide-Binding Site-Leucine-Rich Repeat Genes Reveal Three Anciently Diverged Classes with Distinct Evolutionary Patterns

et al. 2016

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Nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) genes make up the largest plant disease resistance gene family (R genes), with hundreds of copies occurring in individual angiosperm genomes. However, the expansion history of NBS-LRR genes during angiosperm evolution is largely unknown. By identifying more than 6,000 NBS-LRR genes in 22 representative angiosperms and reconstructing their phylogenies, we present a potential framework of NBS-LRR gene evolution in the angiosperm. Three anciently diverged NBS-LRR classes (TNLs, CNLs, and RNLs) were distinguished with unique exon-intron structures and DNA motif sequences. A total of seven ancient TNL, 14 CNL, and two RNL lineages were discovered in the ancestral angiosperm, from which all current NBS-LRR gene repertoires were evolved. A pattern of gradual expansion during the first 100 million years of evolution of the angiosperm clade was observed for CNLs. TNL numbers remained stable during this period but were eventually deleted in three divergent angiosperm lineages. We inferred that an intense expansion of both TNL and CNL genes started from the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Because dramatic environmental changes and an explosion in fungal diversity occurred during this period, the observed expansions of R genes probably reflect convergent adaptive responses of various angiosperm families. An ancient whole-genome duplication event that occurred in an angiosperm ancestor resulted in two RNL lineages, which were conservatively evolved and acted as scaffold proteins for defense signal transduction. Overall, the reconstructed framework of angiosperm NBS-LRR gene evolution in this study may serve as a fundamental reference for better understanding angiosperm NBS-LRR genes.

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Section: Differential Expansion During Angiosperm Evolution Shaped Tnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-Scale Analyses of Angiosperm Nucleotide-Binding Site-Leucine-Rich Repeat Genes Reveal Three Anciently Diverged Classes with Distinct Evolutionary Patterns

et al. 2016

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“…The disease occurs in different species, but exclusively in hibernating animals, when their body temperature is the lowest (Casadevall 2005, Blehert et al 2009). The recovery from WNS is possible when bats are awoken from hibernation, properly treated and kept in the temperature range 18-23 o C (Meteyer et al 2011, Casadevall 2012. Also, it was observed, that raising of the temperature in terrarium to the 37 o C, along with the body temperature of frogs infected by Batarachochytrium dendrobatidis -enables the cure (Casadevall 2005).…”

Section: Endothermymentioning

confidence: 99%

Two fundamentals of mammalian defense in fungal infections: Endothermy and innate antifungal immunity

Biegańska¹

2014

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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The environment of animals is inhabited by enormous fungal species, but only a few hundreds are pathogenic for mammals. Most of potentially pathogenic fungal species, excluding dermatophytes, seldom cause the disease in immunocompetent hosts. Data from literature indicate, that an immune system and endothermy are foundations for this mammalian relative resistance to fungal systemic infections. Stable and high temperature of the body restricts invasion and growth of potentially pathogenic fungi. Together with elevated metabolism it supports the effectiveness of mammalian immunity. The innate immunity is assigned to prevent the invasion of various microbes (including fungi) to the hosts' organism. It consists of cellular receptors and several humoral factors as the Antimicrobial Peptides. If the physical barriers fail in stopping the invader, it is recognized as "alien" by multiple Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) like Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) expressed by cells of innate immunity and/ or C-type lectins. At the same time innate inflammation begins and the complement cascade is activated. These mechanisms are able to stop and clear some fungal infections. During existing infection the adaptive immunity is induced. This review aims to show the role of mammalian endothermy and to point the most important elements of innate antifungal immunity.

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“…Humans with intact immune systems are highly resistant to C. albicans, and in fact most fungal, infections. 1 Thus, many fungal pathogens are labeled as "opportunistic." But this label unfairly anthropomorphizes the organism and imbues it with an ulterior motive when in fact the fungi is merely responding to a change in the host's condition or physiology.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying host immune effectors critical for protection againstCandida albicansinfections

Koh

2016

Virulence

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Fungi and the Rise of Mammals

Cited by 80 publications

References 24 publications

Large-Scale Analyses of Angiosperm Nucleotide-Binding Site-Leucine-Rich Repeat Genes Reveal Three Anciently Diverged Classes with Distinct Evolutionary Patterns

Large-Scale Analyses of Angiosperm Nucleotide-Binding Site-Leucine-Rich Repeat Genes Reveal Three Anciently Diverged Classes with Distinct Evolutionary Patterns

Two fundamentals of mammalian defense in fungal infections: Endothermy and innate antifungal immunity

Identifying host immune effectors critical for protection againstCandida albicansinfections

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