Fungi and mycotoxins in silage: an overview

Alonso, Veronica Andrea; Pereyra, Carina Maricel; Keller, Laura; Dalcero, Ana María; Rosa, Carlos A.; Chiacchiera, Stella Maris; Cavaglieri, Lilia Reneé

doi:10.1111/jam.12178

Cited by 136 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Little information is available with regard to the epiphytic fungal communities in silage, although the presence and growth of mycotoxigenic fungi has been extensively studied [52]. Barley and oat forages can be heavily colonized by mycotoxigenic fungi such as Fusarium which belongs to the Hypocreales [53].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial and fungal core microbiomes associated with small grain silages during ensiling and aerobic spoilage

Dunière¹,

Xu²,

Jin³

et al. 2017

BMC Microbiol

117

109

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BackgroundDescribing the microbial populations present in small grain silage and understanding their changes during ensiling is of interest for improving the nutrient value of these important forage crops. Barley, oat and triticale forages as well as an intercropped mixture of the 3 crops were harvested and ensiled in mini silos for a period of 90 days, followed by 14 days of aerobic exposure. Changes in fermentation characteristics and nutritive value were assessed in terminal silages and bacterial and fungal communities during ensiling and aerobic exposure were described using 16S and 18S rDNA sequencing, respectively.ResultsAll small grain silages exhibited chemical traits that were associated with well ensiled forages, such as low pH value (4.09 ± 0.28) and high levels of lactic acid (59.8 ± 14.59 mg/g DM). The number of microbial core genome operational taxonomic units (OTUs) decreased with time of ensiling. Taxonomic bacterial community profiles were dominated by the Lactobacillales after fermentation, with a notable increase in Bacillales as a result of aerobic exposure. Diversity of the fungal core microbiome was shown to also be reduced during ensiling. Operational taxonomic units assigned to filamentous fungi were found in the core microbiome at ensiling and after aerobic exposure, whereas the Saccharomycetales were the dominate yeast population after 90 days of ensiling and aerobic exposure. Bacterial and fungal orders typically associated with silage spoilage were identified in the core microbiome after aerobic exposure.ConclusionNext Generation Sequencing was successfully used to describe bacterial communities and the first record of fungal communities throughout the process of ensiling and utilization. Adequately describing the microbial ecology of silages could lead to improved ensiling practices and the selection of silage inoculants that act synergistically with the natural forage microbiome.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-017-0947-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial and fungal core microbiomes associated with small grain silages during ensiling and aerobic spoilage

Dunière¹,

Xu²,

Jin³

et al. 2017

BMC Microbiol

117

109

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“…If this process does not occur in the proper conditions it could lead to the growth of yeasts that increase the pH followed by an increase in temperature. If the pH increases above the critical limits, the development of other microorganisms that spoil the silage such as Aspergillus species, one of the most common genera isolated in silage, can occur (Weissbach 1996;El-Shanawany et al 2005;Garon et al 2006;González Pereyra et al 2008;Alonso et al 2013). Aspergillosis is defined as the tissue damage caused by fungi of the genera Aspergillus (Vanden Bossche 1988).…”

Section: Please Scroll Down For Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aspergillus fumigatus is a widely distributed saprophytic fungus that can be found in the soil or decaying organic matter where it performs an essential role in the carbon and nitrogen cycle. Previous studies have shown the prevalence of Aspergillus species in silage and finished feed for cattle in feedstuffs (González Pereyra et al 2008, 2011Pereyra et al 2008;Keller et al 2012;Alonso et al 2013).…”

Section: Please Scroll Down For Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological behaviour of gliotoxigenicAspergillus fumigatus sensu strictoisolated from maize silage under simulated environmental conditions

Alonso

Vergara

Aminahuel

et al. 2015

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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Environmental conditions play a key role in fungal development. During the silage production process, humidity, oxygen availability and pH vary among lactic-fermentation phases and among different silage sections. The aim of this work was to study the physiological behaviour of gliotoxicogenic Aspergillus fumigatus strains isolated from maize silage under simulated natural physicochemical conditions - different water activities (a(W)), temperatures (Tº), pH and oxygen pressure - on the growth parameters (growth rate and lag phase) and gliotoxin production. The silage was made with the harvested whole maize plant that was chopped and used for trench-type silo fabrication. Water activity and pH of the silage samples were determined. Total fungal counts were performed on Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol agar and Dichloran 18% Glycerol agar. The morphological identification of A. fumigatus was performed with different culture media and at different growth temperature to observe microscopic and macroscopic characteristics. Gliotoxin production by A. fumigatus was determined by HPLC. All strains isolated were morphologically identified as A. fumigatus. Two A. fumigatus strains isolated from the silage samples were selected for the ecophysiological study (A. fumigatus sensu stricto RC031 and RC032). The results of this investigation showed that the fungus grows in the simulated natural physicochemical conditions of corn silage and produces gliotoxin. The study of the physiological behaviour of gliotoxigenic A. fumigatus under simulated environmental conditions allowed its behaviour to be predicted in silage and this will in future enable appropriate control strategies to be developed to prevent the spread of this fungus and toxin production that leads to impairment and reduced quality of silage.

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“…Aspergillus fumigatus, the most common cause of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals, is a common fungus found in contaminated animal feed (Alonso et al 2013). This fungus is able to produce tremorgenic mycotoxins and to induce neurological syndromes in farm workers who have manipulated mouldy feed (Gordon et al 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Gliotoxin production by Aspergillus fumigatus strains from animal environment. Micro-analytical sample treatment combined with a LC-MS/MS method for gliotoxin determination

et al. 2015

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In this study, gliotoxin production by Aspergillus fumigatus strains from animal environment is studied. Moreover, a rapid, easy and environment-friendly micro-analytical sample treatment procedure coupled with LC-MS/MS was applied for the determination of gliotoxin from A. fumigatus cultures. The ability of gliotoxin production by 143 strains was assayed in yeast extract sucrose agar, and 1 ml of chloroform was used for toxin extraction without further clean-up. Mean recoveries at two spiking levels (2500 and 7000 ng/g; n = 6) were 100.3 ± 6.6 % relative SD (RSD) and 92.4 ± 3.8 % RSD. Repeatability and within-laboratory reproducibility for different concentration levels of gliotoxin (25 to 1000 ng/ml; n = 12) ranged from 0.3 to 5.4 % RSD and from 3.9 to 12.7 % RSD, respectively. The detection limit of the analytical method was 3.5 ng/g. The ability for gliotoxin production by A. fumigatus revealed that 61.5 % of the strains were able to produce the toxin at levels ranging from LOQ to 3430.5 ng/g. However, all the tested samples had similar percentages of producing strains (81.8 to 86.6 %). The micro-analytical sample treatment coupled with LC-MS/MS detection is a precise and useful methodology for determining gliotoxin from fungal extracts of A. fumigatus and allows working both fast and safely and also reducing the effect on the environment. This toxin plays a critical role in the pathobiology of A. fumigatus, and its presence in animal environments could affect animal health and productivity; in addition, there are risks of contamination for rural workers during handling and storage of animal feedstuffs.

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Fungi and mycotoxins in silage: an overview

Cited by 136 publications

References 30 publications

Bacterial and fungal core microbiomes associated with small grain silages during ensiling and aerobic spoilage

Bacterial and fungal core microbiomes associated with small grain silages during ensiling and aerobic spoilage

Physiological behaviour of gliotoxigenicAspergillus fumigatus sensu strictoisolated from maize silage under simulated environmental conditions

Gliotoxin production by Aspergillus fumigatus strains from animal environment. Micro-analytical sample treatment combined with a LC-MS/MS method for gliotoxin determination

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