Fungi and actinobacteria in moisture-damaged building materials — concentrations and diversity

Hyvärinen, Anne; Meklin, Teija; Vepsäläinen, Asko; Nevalainen, Aino

doi:10.1016/s0964-8305(01)00103-2

Cited by 184 publications

(169 citation statements)

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“…Many different microbes, including a variety of fungi and bacteria, thrive in the conditions offered by moist building materials, which contain both the nutrients and the moisture needed for microbial growth (Hyvärinen et al 2002;Murtoniemi et al 2001;Nikulin et al 1994). The current understanding is that microbial growth affects indoor air quality, and occupants are exposed to biological pollutants, which may lead to adverse health effects.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Production of proinflammatory mediators by indoor air bacteria and fungal spores in mouse and human cell lines.

Huttunen¹,

Hyvärinen²,

Nevalainen³

et al. 2003

Environ Health Perspect

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We compared the inflammatory and cytotoxic responses caused by household mold and bacteria in human and mouse cell lines. We studied the fungi Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium spinulosum, and Stachybotrys chartarum and the bacteria Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Streptomyces californicus for their cytotoxicity and ability to stimulate the production of inflammatory mediators in mouse RAW264.7 and human 28SC macrophage cell lines and in the human A549 lung epithelial cell line in 24-hr exposure to 10(5), 10(6), and 10(7) microbes/mL. We studied time dependency by terminating the exposure to 10(6) microbes/mL after 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr. We analyzed production of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukins 6 and 1ss (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1ss, respectively) and measured nitric oxide production using the Griess method, expression of inducible NO-synthase with Western Blot analysis, and cytotoxicity with the MTT-test. All bacteria strongly induced the production of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and, to a lesser extent, the formation of IL-1ss in mouse macrophages. Only the spores of Str. californicus induced the production of NO and IL-6 in both human and mouse cells. In contrast, exposure to fungal strains did not markedly increase the production of NO or any cytokine in the studied cell lines except for Sta. chartarum, which increased IL-6 production somewhat in human lung epithelial cells. These microbes were less cytotoxic to human cells than to mouse cells. On the basis of equivalent numbers of bacteria and spores of fungi added to cell cultures, the overall potency to stimulate the production of proinflammatory mediators decreased in the order Ps. fluorescens > Str. californicus > B. cereus > Sta. chartarum > A. versicolor > P. spinulosum. These data suggest that bacteria in water-damaged buildings should also be considered as causative agents of adverse inflammatory effects.

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confidence: 99%

“…Indoor bacterial flora include both gram-positive and gram-negative strains, which grow in moist building materials (Andersson et al 1997;Hyvärinen et al 2002). The gram-positive sporulating bacteria Streptomyces spp.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of proinflammatory mediators by indoor air bacteria and fungal spores in mouse and human cell lines.

Huttunen¹,

Hyvärinen²,

Nevalainen³

et al. 2003

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Interactions between the different exposures in a moisture-damaged house are inevitable, knowing that the spores of a single fungal species alone may contain various metabolites, and the moisture-damaged site is always a habitat of more than one microbial species (Andersson et al 1997;Hyvärinen et al 2002;Nielsen et al 1999). Because many of the secondary metabolites are thought to be involved in chemical signaling between organisms or species, the production of some of these active metabolites may be enhanced or inhibited when the microbes interact (Christophersen 1996).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Actinomycetes species have sparked interest in many aspects of the moldy house problem. Their occurrence is considered to be indicative of moisture damage; several studies have consistently found actinomycetes in moldy house samples (Hyvärinen et al 2002;Nevalainen et al 1991), and very active metabolites have been isolated from actinomycetes-rich samples (Andersson et al 1998). Furthermore, the inflammatory potential of these gram-positive sporulating bacteria has been studied in cell culture studies and in a mouse model, both studies revealing its high potential for inducing inflammatory effects (Huttunen et al 2003; Environmental Health Perspectives • VOLUME 112 | NUMBER 6 | May 2004 Jussila et al 1999Jussila et al , 2001).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the inflammatory potential of these gram-positive sporulating bacteria has been studied in cell culture studies and in a mouse model, both studies revealing its high potential for inducing inflammatory effects (Huttunen et al 2003; Environmental Health Perspectives • VOLUME 112 | NUMBER 6 | May 2004 Jussila et al 1999Jussila et al , 2001). The frequent occurrence of actinomycetes in moisture-damaged materials means that they often share their habitat with other microbial species, especially fungal genera such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Stachybotrys (Hyvärinen et al 2002).…”

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Synergistic interaction in simultaneous exposure to Streptomyces californicus and Stachybotrys chartarum.

Huttunen¹,

Pelkonen²,

Nielsen³

et al. 2004

Environ Health Perspect

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The microbial exposure associated with health complaints in moldy houses consists of a heterogeneous group of components, including both living and dead bacteria, fungi, and their metabolites and active compounds. However, little is known about the interactions between different microbes and their metabolites, although the cytotoxicity and inflammatory potential of certain individual microbes have been reported. In this study, we investigated the inflammatory responses of mouse RAW264.7 macrophages after exposure to six indoor air microbes (Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium spinulosum, Stachybotrys chartarum, Bacillus cereus, Mycobacterium terrae, and Pseudomonas fluorescens) alone and together with the actinomycete Streptomyces californicus. The production of nitric oxide, levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cytotoxicity were measured. The coexposure to Sta. chartarum and Str. californicus caused a synergistic increase in the production of IL-6 but not other cytokines. In further experiments, the metabolites from Sta. chartarum or from closely related fungi (atranones B and E, satratoxin G, trichodermin, 7-α-hydroxytrichodermol, staplabin, and SMTP-7) and the known fungal toxins sterigmatocystin, citrinin, and ochratoxin A were each tested with Str. californicus. The testing revealed a synergistic response in TNF-α and IL-6 production after coexposure to Str. californicus with both trichodermin and 7-α-hydroxytrichodermol. Finally, the synergistic inflammatory response caused by Str. californicus and trichodermin together was studied by analyzing for the presence of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in nuclear extracts of the exposed cells. The exposure to Str. californicus induced the binding of NF-κB proteins to the NF-κB consensus sequence as well as to the natural NF-κB site of the IL-6 promoter. Adding trichodermin to the exposure did not increase the DNA binding.

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Indoor Air Quality in Nonindustrial Occupational Environments

Morey

Crawford

Rottersman³

2011

Patty's Industrial Hygiene

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The study summarizes about the indoor air quality of the buildings. Historically, the concept of indoor air quality (IAQ) has included view points that outdoor ventilation air is required both to prevent adverse health effects and to provide for comfort of occupants. It has been observed that airborne contagious diseases and malodor are more prominent in the crowded places with deﬁcient ventilation. The different approaches that can be used during IAQ evaluations reﬂect the varied kinds of problems that can occur in buildings. Higher morbidity and mortality in developing countries have multifactorial causes, with contaminated food, water, and air as major risk factors. An ASHRAE ventilation standard recommends the provision of outdoor air rate per person to lower the risk of diseases. The article focuses IAQ evaluation protocols and guidelines, Canadian and EPA guides, etc.

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Fungi and actinobacteria in moisture-damaged building materials — concentrations and diversity

Cited by 184 publications

References 21 publications

Production of proinflammatory mediators by indoor air bacteria and fungal spores in mouse and human cell lines.

Production of proinflammatory mediators by indoor air bacteria and fungal spores in mouse and human cell lines.

Synergistic interaction in simultaneous exposure to Streptomyces californicus and Stachybotrys chartarum.

Indoor Air Quality in Nonindustrial Occupational Environments

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