Fungal, Viral, and Parasitic Pneumonias Associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract

Respiratory illness is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The spectrum of pulmonary disease that can affect patients with HIV is wide and includes opportunistic infection with many fungal, viral, and parasitic organisms. This article reviews the clinical presentation; approach to diagnosis; and management of fungal, viral, and parasitic pneumonias that can develop in patients with HIV including respiratory disease caused by Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma, Coccidioides, Cytomegalovirus, Toxoplasma, and Strongyloides. Because clinical symptoms and radiographic patterns are often insensitive at distinguishing these pulmonary infections, this review particularly focuses on specific host risk factors and diagnostic testing to consider when approaching HIV patients with respiratory illness.

A Rare Case of Multipathogenic Pneumonia in a Patient With Human Immunodeficiency Virus

“…The incidence of AIDS-related opportunistic infections has declined dramatically following the introduction of potent ART [1,3,4]. However, pulmonary infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality [1].…”

“…Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related opportunistic infections have declined in incidence after antiretroviral therapy (ART) was introduced. Lung disorders that happen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vary and include a spectrum of multiple opportunistic infections [1]. They may include bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic etiologies, or a combination [2].…”

Microevolution of <i>Candida albicans</i> Isolate from a Patient with Mucocutaneous Candidiasis and HIV Infection

“…Because different species are frequently found in tracheal aspirate specimens in healthy people, the presence of Candida in sputum or other respiratory tract specimens in immunocompromised conditions is generally considered a contamination from colonisation in the upper respiratory tract. The most reliable method to confirm the clinical entity would be lung biopsy [14] [15]; however, owing to the patient's condition, this approach was not advisable. DNA typing techniques have been extensively used for epidemiological studies in nosocomial infections and for the identification of routes of colonisation by C. albicans.…”

Легочные Поражения У Вич-Положительных Лиц (Краткий Обзор)

“…Аускультативні дані неспецифічні або відсутні. На рентгенограмі органів грудної порожнини зазвичай виявляються ураження, подібні до пневмоцистної пневмонії, або грубі зміни, схожі з туберкульозом та грибковими пневмоніями [41]. Можливе виникнення плевральних випотів.…”