“…They provide numerous benefits to plants, including deterring herbivory by producing toxic secondary metabolites (Clay, 1988) and enhancing drought tolerance (Kane, 2011) and nutrient uptake (Malinowski, Alloush, & Belesky, 2000). These effects have important consequences for host plants and their communities; for example, they can bias sex allocation (Gorischek et al, 2013), facilitate host range expansion (Afkhami, McIntyre, & Strauss, 2014), suppress forest succession (Rudgers et al, 2007), negate productivity-diversity relationships (Rudgers, Koslow, & Clay, 2004), and alter plant, herbivore, predator, and decomposer community compositions (Lemons, Clay, & Rudgers, 2005;Finkes et al, 2006;Afkhami & Strauss, 2016).…”