Fungal melanonychia caused by Onychocola canadensis: first records of nail infections due to Onychocola in the Czech Republic.

Abstract

Onychocola canadensis is a non-dermatophyte filamentous fungus with an unusual ecology. Hitherto, O. canadensis has been isolated only from human nails and skin, although attempts to isolate it from the environment have been unsuccessful. We describe two new cases of onychomycosis caused by O. canadensis with dissimilar clinical appearance. The first infection manifested itself as distal and lateral onycholysis with conspicuous black pigmentation. As far as we know, this is the first description of O. canadensis onychomycosis in the Czech Republic. In connection with this case, the authors emphasise the importance of mycological laboratory examination of dark nail lesions. Based on photodocumentation, a second case of onychomycosis due to O. canadensis was identified retrospectively. This case manifested itself as distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis with yellow discoloration, which is more typical of O. canadensis onychomycosis. Morphological characteristics important for discrimination of O. canadensis from other medically important fungi are discussed.

The Tolman–oppenheimer–volkoff Equations and the Spacetime Properties of the Schwarzschild–de Sitter Constant Density Interior Solution

“…Thus, by the pressure formula (19) and p (r) < 0, we may discuss the following cases. If the equation …”

“…Inside a perfect fluid sphere, because 3K − Λ > K − Λ > 0, 1 − Kr 2 b < √ 1 − Kr 2 , according to the pressure formula (19) and the TOV equation (45), we can find p (r) < 0 and discuss the following cases. If the equation…”

“…1 − Kr 2 , according to the pressure formula (19) and the TOV equation (45), we can find p (r) > 0. Because the radius 0 ≤ r ≤ r b , the equation (19).…”

“…Inside a perfect fluid sphere, because K − Λ > 3K − Λ > 0, 1 − Kr 2 b > 1 − Kr 2 , we can deduce the derivative of the pressure p(r) formula (19) as the TOV equation…”

“…Stuchlík 10,12 has deduced the SdS constant density interior solution and analyzed the properties of spacetime with a nonzero cosmological constant inside static perfect fluid spheres and black holes. Additionally, Jantzen, Ruffini and Stuchlík 18,19 have also proved and discussed the Einstein-Strauss-de Sitter (ESdS) cosmological model. The ESdS universe is a model of the SdS condensations immersed in a dust Friedman cosmological model.…”