Fungal Infections of Implantation (Chromoblastomycosis, Mycetoma, Entomophthoramycosis, and Lacaziosis)

Chromoblastomycosis

“…The list of implantation mycoses includes global infections such as implantation phaeohyphomycosis (PHM) and entomophthoromycosis as well as endemic mycoses such as sporotrichosis, eumycetoma, lacaziosis (lobomycosis), and chromoblastomycosis (CBM) (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9). Also known as chromomycosis, CBM is one of the more prevalent implantation fungal infections, being the most common of the gamut of diseases due to melanized or brownpigmented fungi.…”

“…This disease is characterized by (i) traumatic inoculation by implantation from an environmental source, leading to an initial cutaneous lesion at the inoculation site; (ii) progressive and chronic involvement of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissular structures and a fibrous granulomatous response with embedded microabscesses and often with tissue proliferation; (iii) a nonprotective T helper type 2 (Th2) immune response with ineffective humoral involvement; and (iv) the presence of muriform (sclerotic) cells in the affected tissue. Morphologically, muriform cells constitute an aggregation of 2 to 4 fungal cells with transverse and longitudinal septation (9)(10)(11)(12)(13). CBM lesions are clinically polymorphic and are commonly misdiagnosed as various other infectious and noninfectious diseases.…”

Scedosporium apiospermum infection presenting as a mural urinary bladder mass and focal peritonitis in a Border Collie

“…In this case, given the clinical history of multiple traumatic events and an outdoor living style, there were many opportunities for opportunistic infection by S. apiospermum . The incubation period for mycetomas in general may vary from weeks to years [ 7 ]. Given that severe inflammation obliterated large portions of the full thickness of the urinary bladder wall, it is unclear whether the infection arose from within the urinary bladder (as an ascending infection) and extended into the peritoneal cavity or whether the gastrointestinal perforation several years prior was the inciting event.…”

“…are opportunistic and saprophytic organisms that are commonly found in soil, sewage, and polluted water in temperate moist climates [ 6 ]. Following implantation, Scedosporium can induce the formation of eumycotic mycetomas [ 7 ]. Diagnosis of Scedosporium hyphae cannot be made by histologic features alone due to its morphologic similarities to other more common causes of fungal infection, such as Aspergillus [ 5 , 8 ].…”

Combination Treatment for Extensive Chromoblastomycosis: A Case Report

“…Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic infection caused by dematiaceous fungi affecting skin and subcutaneous tissue. 4 The etiological agents mainly belong to three genera: Fonsecaea, Phialophora and Cladophialophora (Cladosporium) which are diagnosed by characteristic sclerotic or medlar bodies in tissue and the identification of the causal agent in culture. 3,[5][6][7] CBM lesions are clinically polymorphic and can mimic a wide spectrum of infectious diseases like cutaneous tuberculosis, sporotrichosis and non-infectious diseases like squamous cell carcinoma.…”