Fungal diversity and plant disease in mangrove forests: salt excretion as a possible defense mechanism

Gilbert, Gregory S.; Mejía-Chang, Mónica; Rojas, Enith

doi:10.1007/s00442-002-0966-9

Cited by 47 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This result is in consistence with previous studies on mangrove endophytes (Gilbert et al 2002; Deng et al 2010). Furthermore, we found that the colonisation rate of endophytic fungi was higher in twigs than in leaves in the four hosts.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…De Souza Sebastianes et al (2013) reported that the colonisation rate of endophytic fungi was significantly higher in branch than in leaf among three mangrove species in Brazil. The possible explanation might be that the structure and substrates are different between twig and leaf tissues, or that the twigs are more permanent than leaves, which influence the colonisation of endophytic fungi (Taylor et al 1999; Gilbert et al 2002; Wang and Guo 2007; Guo et al 2008). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Community structure of endophytic fungi of four mangrove species in Southern China

Sun

Chen

et al. 2016

Mycology

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Mangrove forests play an important role in subtropical and tropical coastal ecosystems. Endophytic fungi are widely distributed in various ecosystems and have great contribution to global biodiversity. In order to better understand the effects of mangrove species and tissue types on endophytic fungal community, we investigated cultivable endophytic fungi in leaves and twigs of four mangroves Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and Kandelia candel in Guangxi, China. The four tree species had similar overall colonisation rates of endophytic fungi (24–33%). The colonisation rates of endophytic fungi were higher in twigs (30–58%) than in leaves (6–25%) in the four plant species. A total of 36 endophytic fungal taxa were identified based on morphological characteristics and molecular data, including 35 Ascomycota and 1 Basidiomycota, dominated by Phomopsis, Phyllosticta, Xylaria, Leptosphaerulina, and Pestalotiopsis. The diversity of endophytic fungi was higher in twigs than in leaves in the four plant species. Some endophytic fungi showed host and tissue preference. The endophytic fungal community composition was different among four mangrove species and between leaf and twig tissues.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community structure of endophytic fungi of four mangrove species in Southern China

Sun

Chen

et al. 2016

Mycology

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“…True mangrove species are considered halophytic and can thrive in salt rich environments, while mangrove associates are mostly categorized as glycophytes with a certain tolerance to salt (Tomlinson 1986;Wang et al 2010). Salinity levels can restrict fungal growth, hence the mycobiota in such environments require specific adaptations for salt tolerance in order to proliferate successfully (Gilbert et al 2002;Cantrell et al 2011). The three true mangrove species surveyed in the present study grow in saline environments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with mangroves in South Africa, including Ophiostoma palustre sp. nov.

Osorio

Beer

Wingfield

et al. 2016

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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Mangrove trees are continuously under stress due to environmental and/or anthropogenic pressures, which expose them to attack by pathogens, compromising their survival.Ophiostomatoid fungi cause sap stain and diseases of a wide spectrum of tree species globally. These fungi infect trees through natural, insect, animal and/or human made wounds.During routine surveys of mangrove trees in South Africa, wounds on branches and stems of Avicennia marina were regularly monitored for the presence of ophiostomatoid fungi at ten study sites in the country. The stems of four mangrove species, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizophora mucronata and Barringtonia racemosa were also wounded and evaluated for the appearance of these fungi. Ophiostomatoid fungi were obtained from the mangrove associate B. racemosa, but not from any of the true mangroves. Analyses of DNA sequence data for the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS), β-tubulin (BT), Calmodulin (CAL) and Translation Elongation Factor (TEF) gene regions revealed that the fungi isolated from the wounds on B. racemosa belong to three species in the Ophiostomataceae, including a new taxon described here as Ophiostoma palustre sp. nov. Results suggest that the mangrove associate B. racemosa is more prone to colonization by ophiostomatoid fungi than the true mangroves.

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“…Nonetheless, both isolates from tissue samples and microphotographs show that the plant tissue is full of a diversity of fungi (Rodrigues 1994, Lodge et al 1996, Arnold et al 2000. Further, extensive surveys across several host plant species suggest that while many tropical endophytes may be generalists (Cannon and Simmons 2002, Suryanarayanan et al 2002, some exhibit clear differential host affinities (Gilbert et al 2002, Herre et al 20056, Van Bael et al 2005; also see Petrini et al 1992, Rollinger and Langenheim 1993, Fisher et al 1994, Schulz and Boyle 2005.…”

Section: Life Cycle and General Natural History Of Foliar Endophytic mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Belowground plant tissues (roots) also have their own suite of endophytes (e.g., arbuscular mycorrhizae). Despite their widespread occurrence, with both descriptive and experimental work from temperate regions (see reviews in Carroll 1988, Petrini 1991, Saikkonen et al 1998, Wilson 2000, relatively little is known of the nature of the interactions between woody plants and their foliar endophytes, particularly in tropical regions (see Lodge et al 1996, Bayman et al 1998, Frohlich and Hyde 1999, Arnold et al 2000, Rajagopal and Suryanarayanan 2000, Cannon and Simmons 2002, Gilbert et al 2002, Van Bael et al 2005. Similarly, most research on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 3 E-mail: HERREA(a)si.edu (AMF; i.e., root-associated endophytes) has been conducted in temperate regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological Implications of Anti-Pathogen Effects of Tropical Fungal Endophytes and Mycorrhizae

Herre

Mejía

Kyllo

et al. 2007

Ecology

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258

185

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We discuss studies of foliar endophytic fungi (FEF) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with Theobroma cacao in Panama. Direct, experimentally controlled comparisons of endophyte free (E−) and endophyte containing (E+) plant tissues in T. cacao show that foliar endophytes (FEF) that commonly occur in healthy host leaves enhance host defenses against foliar damage due to the pathogen (Phytophthora palmivora). Similarly, root inoculations with commonly occurring AMF also reduce foliar damage due to the same pathogen. These results suggest that endophytic fungi can play a potentially important mutualistic role by augmenting host defensive responses against pathogens. There are two broad classes of potential mechanisms by which endophytes could contribute to host protection: (1) inducing or increasing the expression of intrinsic host defense mechanisms and (2) providing additional sources of defense, extrinsic to those of the host (e.g., endophyte‐based chemical antibiosis). The degree to which either of these mechanisms predominates holds distinct consequences for the evolutionary ecology of host–endophyte–pathogen relationships. More generally, the growing recognition that plants are composed of a mosaic of plant and fungal tissues holds a series of implications for the study of plant defense, physiology, and genetics.

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Fungal diversity and plant disease in mangrove forests: salt excretion as a possible defense mechanism

Cited by 47 publications

References 25 publications

Community structure of endophytic fungi of four mangrove species in Southern China

Community structure of endophytic fungi of four mangrove species in Southern China

Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with mangroves in South Africa, including Ophiostoma palustre sp. nov.

Ecological Implications of Anti-Pathogen Effects of Tropical Fungal Endophytes and Mycorrhizae

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