Fungal Degradation of Wood: Emerging Data, New Insights and Changing Perceptions

Goodell, Barry; Winandy, Jerrold E.; Morrell, Jeffrey J.

doi:10.3390/coatings10121210

Cited by 99 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…In our study, we used the basic decay test with the evaluation of weight loss as the measure of decay. This is one of the most common methods to measure wood degradation in laboratory studies because the wood cell wall components are converted to CO 2 by the fungus [52]. Furthermore, the wood resistance against wood-destroying fungi could be evaluated additionally by including the strength loss indicator and biochemical changes in the wood [53].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance of Wood Treated with Iron Compounds against Wood-Destroying Decay and Mould Fungi

Aleinikovas

Varnagirytė–Kabašinskiene

Povilaitienė

et al. 2021

Forests

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Treatment of wood with various physical and chemical factors can change the number of wood parameters, which can also lead to changes in resistance to wood-destroying fungi. This study evaluates the effects of hydrothermal treatments (additives Fe2O3 or FeCl3 with and without commercial tannins, also without additives and fresh wood) on decay and mould fungi resistance of modified wood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), walnut (Juglans regia), and Norway maple (Acer platanoides). For wood samples, the resistance against wood decay fungi Trametes versicolor (white rot) and Coniophora puteana (brown rot) and the resistance against mould fungi Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. were assessed. The study findings showed that wood modified with iron compounds could cause a higher resistance to wood-destroying fungi. The weight losses of the modified and control wood, caused by T. versicolor and C. puteana, differed for coniferous and deciduous: the average weight loss of treated pine, spruce, and fir wood caused by C. puteana was higher than that caused by T. versicolor, while these differences on maple and walnut wood were not significant. The wood hydrothermal treatment with Fe2Cl3 with and without tannins significantly reduced the weight loss caused by T. versicolor and C. puteana, and the treatment with Fe2O3 slightly improved the decay resistance. For the wood, hydrothermally modified with FeCl3 and FeCl3 + tannins, the mould area for both tested Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. was smallest for the wood of all tested tree species compared to other treatments. A different response was obtained for coniferous and deciduous tree species wood. The spruce wood, followed by fir wood, treated with FeCl3 with and without tannins, was the most resistant against the mould fungi. Relatively low resistance against the mould fungi was fixed for the maple wood treated by various iron compounds, except the treatment with Fe2O3 + tannins, which gave a very positive response against the Penicillium sp.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance of Wood Treated with Iron Compounds against Wood-Destroying Decay and Mould Fungi

Aleinikovas

Varnagirytė–Kabašinskiene

Povilaitienė

et al. 2021

Forests

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“…Lignocellulose is the major component of wood biomass and consists of three types of polymers, cellulose (40-55%), hemicelluloses (24-40%) and lignin (18-35%) that are strongly intermeshed and chemically bonded by non-covalent bonds and by covalent crosslinkages [19]. Organic nature and optimal water content make the wooden substrate suitable for microbial attack [80]. However, microbial deterioration of these materials occurs only under poor conservation conditions: high humidity level, soil contact, poor ventilation, and rare maintenance [81].…”

Section: Wood and Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal Deterioration of Cultural Heritage Objects

Savković¹,

Stupar²,

Unković³

et al. 2022

Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants

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Significant percent of world cultural heritage artifacts is threatened by fungal infestation. Fungi can deteriorate different substrates via various physical and chemical mechanisms. Hyphal growth and penetration into the substrate can cause symptoms like discoloration, biopitting, cracking, exfoliation and patina formation. On the other hand, chemical mechanisms include acid secretion, release of extracellular enzymes, pigment production, oxidation/reduction reactions and secondary mycogenic minerals formation. These processes can lead to serious, both esthetic and structural, alterations which may be irreversible and could permanently impair artworks. Proper isolation and identification of autochthonous isolates, as well as employment of different microscopic techniques and in vitro biodegradation tests are pivotal in understanding complex biodeterioration mechanisms caused by microorganisms, including fungal deteriogens. Biodeterioration and biodegradation studies require multidisciplinary approach and close collaboration of microbiologists, chemists, geologists and different personnel responsible for the safeguarding of cultural heritage monuments and artifacts, especially restorers and conservators.

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“…These present a mixture of the white and brown rot characteristics digesting both carbohydrates (cellulose and hemicellulose) as well as lignin. It was found that the structural damage caused by the A. pullulans fungus is constrained to the external few millimetres of the exposed wooden element outline [67]. A. pullulans possesses nutritional versatility, which is associated with its wide enzymatic profile [68].…”

Section: Microscopic Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioinspired Living Coating System in Service: Evaluation of the Wood Protected with Biofinish during One-Year Natural Weathering

Poohphajai

Sandak

Sailer³

et al. 2021

Coatings

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The service life performance of timber products exposed to natural weathering is a critical factor limiting the broad use of wood as an external building element. The goal of this study was to investigate the in-service characterization of an innovative biofinish coating system. It is a novel surface finishing solution based on the bioinspired concept of living fungal cells designed for effective wood protection. The performance of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood coated with biofinish was compared with uncoated references. Samples were exposed to natural weathering for 12 months under the climatic conditions of northern Italy. The visual appearance, colour, gloss, wettability, and 3D surface topography of the wood surface were examined. Results revealed that the total colour changes (∆E) of biofinish-coated wood were negligible. Untreated Scots pine wood revealed the changes in colour after just three months of exposure. The gloss changes of both surface types were small. The contact angle measured on biofinish-coated wood was higher compared to that of uncoated Scots pine. Surface roughness increased in uncoated wood due to the erosion effect caused by the weathering progress. Conversely, the surface roughness of biofinish-coated samples decreased along the exposure time. This phenomenon was explained by two self-healing mechanisms: migration of non-polymerized oil to the cracked surface, where it polymerizes and creates a closed layer, and local regrowth to cover damaged spots by living fungal cells present in the coating. The obtained results revealed the superior aesthetic performance of the biofinish surface treatment against natural weathering. By considering the fully bio-based nature of the investigated coating, it was concluded that this solution can be an attractive alternative for state-of-the-art wood protection technologies.

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Fungal Degradation of Wood: Emerging Data, New Insights and Changing Perceptions

Cited by 99 publications

References 61 publications

Resistance of Wood Treated with Iron Compounds against Wood-Destroying Decay and Mould Fungi

Resistance of Wood Treated with Iron Compounds against Wood-Destroying Decay and Mould Fungi

Fungal Deterioration of Cultural Heritage Objects

Bioinspired Living Coating System in Service: Evaluation of the Wood Protected with Biofinish during One-Year Natural Weathering

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