Fungal Community and Biodeterioration Analysis of Hull Wood and Its Storage Environment of the Nanhai No. 1 Shipwreck

Yang

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

Self Cite

In April 2020, 232 tombs of the Western Han Dynasty were found in Sundayuan, Heze City. In total, 141 pottery figurines of significant historical, cultural, and artistic value were unearthed from the tombs. Some of the figurines are currently being stored in warehouses, and the surface of some of the figurines show fungal deterioration. To thoroughly analyze the fungal deterioration on the surface of the pottery figurines and find appropriate control methods, we used high-through sequencing, scanning electron microscopy observation, pure cultures of culturable fungi, and optical microscopy observation and molecular identification of culturable fungi. We conducted fungistatic and simulation experiments in the laboratory to find appropriate control methods. We found that the fungi on the surface of the figurines were mainly of the phylum Ascomycota, and a few fungi were of the phyla Basidiomycota and Mucoromycota. We isolated seven culturable fungal strains and observed their colony morphology. The seven fungal strains were Lecanicillium aphanocladii, Penicillium aurantiogriseum, Clonostachys rosea, Mortierella sp., Mortierella alpina, Aspergillus flavus, and Cladosporium halotolerans. Through the fungistatic and simulation experiments conducted in the laboratory, we found that 50 mg/ml cinnamaldehyde and 0.5% K100 (2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one) have a good fungistatic effect. They can not only inhibit the growth of fungi on medium, but also inhibit the growth of fungi on the surface of pottery figurines. This study has good reference significance for the analysis and control of fungal deterioration of unearthed pottery figurines.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, K100 is also used as an effective fungistatic agent in the protection of the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck ( Han et al, 2021 ). However, as mentioned before, K100 may also have a slight impact on operators and the environment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and control of fungal deterioration on the surface of pottery figurines unearthed from the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty

Yang

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

Self Cite

“…Fusarium solani NK-NH1 is a fungus isolated from the wood of the shipwreck. Scedosporium apiospermum NK.W1-3 is a fungus isolated from water samples of wood storage [8,10]. All microorganisms were frozen at −80 • C.…”

Section: Main Destructive Microorganisms Of Nanhai No 1 Shipwreckmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main microorganisms of Nanhai No. 1 isolated by our previous research group include: Fusarium solani NK-NH1 [8], Bacillus tequilensis NK-NH5, Bacillus megaterium NK-NH10, Bacillus velezensis NK-NH11 [9] and Scedosporium apiospermum NK.W1-3 [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory Effect of Cinnamaldehyde on Main Destructive Microorganisms of Nanhai No. 1 Shipwreck

Huang

Han

et al. 2021

Applied Sciences

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Nanhai No. 1, a shipwreck in the Southern Song Dynasty, China, has a history of more than 800 years. It was salvaged in 2007 and is now on display in the Guangdong Maritime Silk Road Museum. Due to the fact that the hull is a wooden cultural relic and exposed to the air, the biological corrosion and biodegradation caused by microorganisms are key problems of hull protection. At present, the antimicrobial agent Euxyl® K100 (isothiazolinone) has a significant antimicrobial effect in the field, but it has a certain negative impact on the environment and archeologists. In order to reduce the use of chemical antimicrobial agents, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of cinnamaldehyde on the main destructive microorganisms of Nanhai No. 1. Cinnamaldehyde is the main active component of cinnamon, and has broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. The paper diffusion method, gas diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration experiment were used to detect the inhibitory effects of cinnamaldehyde on the main microorganisms of Nanhai No. 1. We found that cinnamaldehyde had significant inhibitory effects on Bacillus tequilensis NK-NH5, Bacillus megaterium NK-NH10, Bacillus velezensis NK-NH11, Bacillus sp. NK-NH15, Bacillus sp. NK-NH16, Bacillus sp. NK-NH17, Fusariumsolani NK-NH1 and Scedosporiumapiospermum NK.W1-3. At the same time, cinnamaldehyde had more inhibitory effects on fungi than bacteria. Finally, we verified that cinnamaldehyde can effectively inhibit the growth of microorganisms in water, for storing the scattered wood blocks of the Nanhai No. 1 hull through laboratory simulation experiments. Cinnamaldehyde, as an environment-friendly antimicrobial agent, is of great significance to protecting water-saturated wooden relics from microbial corrosion and degradation in the future.

“…Fusarium solani NK-NH1 is a dominant surface disease fungus on the hull of the Nanhai No. 1 Shipwreck, which has strong cellulose and lignin degradation capacity and is largely harmful to the hull [ 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antifungal Substances Produced by Xenorhabdus bovienii and Its Inhibition Mechanism against Fusarium solani

Zhang

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Fungal colonization can severely damage artifacts. Nematode endosymbiotic bacteria exhibit good prospects in protecting artifacts from fungal damage. We previously found that supernatant from the fermentation of nematode endosymbiotic bacterium, Xenorhabdus bovienii, is effective in inhibiting the growth of Fusarium solani NK-NH1, the major disease fungus in the Nanhai No.1 Shipwreck. Further experiments proved that X. bovienii produces volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that inhibit NK-NH1. Here, using metabolomic analysis, GC–MS, and transcriptomic analysis, we explored the antifungal substances and VOCs produced by X. bovienii and investigated the mechanism underlying its inhibitory effect against NK-NH1. We show that X. bovienii produces several metabolites, mainly lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, and organoheterocyclic compounds. The VOCs produced by X. bovienii showed two specific absorption peaks, and based on the library ratio results, these were predicted to be of 2-pentanone, 3-(phenylmethylene) and 1-hexen-3-one, 5-methyl-1-phenyl. The inhibition of F. solani by VOCs resulted in upregulation of genes related to ribosome, ribosome biogenesis, and the oxidative phosphorylation and downregulation of many genes associated with cell cycle, meiosis, DNA replication, and autophagy. These results are significant for understanding the inhibitory mechanisms employed by nematode endosymbiotic bacteria and should serve as reference in the protection of artifacts.