Fungal bioleaching of WPCBs using Aspergillus niger: Observation, optimization and kinetics

Faraji, Fariborz; Golmohammadzadeh, Rabeeh; Rashchi, Fereshteh; Alimardani, Navid

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.043

Cited by 120 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…15% of WEEE [21]. Within the entire WEEE quantity, the Waste Printed Circuit Boards (WPCBs) percentage [22,23] is high (3% to 6%) [24][25][26]. Moreover, it is even higher in some EEEs, such as mobile phones (21.30%), personal computer control units (18.76%), and color television sets (7.04%).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Recovery Techniques for Waste Materials from IT and Telecommunication Equipment Printed Circuit Boards

2019

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Waste from information technology (IT) and telecommunication equipment (WITTE) constitutes a significant fraction of waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). The presence of rare metals and hazardous materials (e.g., heavy metals or flame retardants) makes the necessary recycling procedures difficult and expensive. Important efforts are being made for Waste Printed Circuit Board (WPCB) recycling because, even if they only amount to 5-10% of the WITTE weight, they constitute up to 80% of the recovered value. This paper summarizes the recycling techniques applicable to WPCBs. In the first part, dismantling and mechanical recycling techniques are presented. Within the frame of electro-mechanical separation technology, the chain process of shredding, washing, and sieving, followed by one or a combination of magnetic, eddy current, corona electrostatic, triboelectrostatic, or gravity separation techniques, is presented. The chemical and electrochemical processes are of utmost importance for the fine separation of metals coming from complex equipment such as WPCBs. Thermal recycling techniques such as pyrolysis and thermal treatment are presented as complementary solutions for achieving both an extra separation stage and thermal energy. As the recycling processes of WPCBs require adequate, efficient, and ecological recycling techniques, the aim of this survey is to identify and highlight the most important ones. Due to the high economic value of the resulting raw materials relative to the WPCBs' weight and composition, their recycling represents both a necessary environmental protection action, as well as an economic opportunity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Recovery Techniques for Waste Materials from IT and Telecommunication Equipment Printed Circuit Boards

2019

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“…The PCB concentration in bioleaching experiments was 2.5% (w/v). At regular time intervals, both citric acid production (2, 7, 14, and 21 days) and metal concentration (2,4,7,10,14,16,18, and 21 days) were monitored.…”

Section: Bioleaching Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are composed of metals (around 40 wt %), ceramics (around 30 wt %), and plastics (about 30 wt %) [3,[6][7][8][9]. The metal fraction includes 20% Cu, 5% Al, 1% Ni, 1.5% Pb, 2% Zn, and 3% Sn (w/w) [2,4,10,11]. The presence of considerable amounts of metals represents a very critical issue for their possible release into the environment in the case of incorrect management [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, fungal bioleaching has several advantages since fungi show a greater ability to tolerate toxic materials, a faster leaching action than bacteria, and the ability to grow in both alkaline and acidic mediums [36]. Penicillium simplissimum, P. chrysogenum, and Aspergillus niger are the most common eukaryotic microorganisms used for metal leaching from different solid residues such as electronic scraps [10,15,20,36], contaminated soil [37], spent catalyst [38][39][40], flay ash [41][42][43], and red mud [44,45]. Citric, oxalic, and gluconic acids are the organic acids produced in the highest quantities by A. niger and are used for waste exploitation [37,46,47].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Citric, oxalic, and gluconic acids are the organic acids produced in the highest quantities by A. niger and are used for waste exploitation [37,46,47]. In detail, bioleaching with A. niger uses PCBs [10,20] or batteries [15,36] as substrate for metal extractions. High leaching efficiencies of 60% and 100% for Cu and Zn, respectively, were achieved after 21 days of fermentation with low pulp density of 0.1-0.5% (w/v).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biotechnology for Metal Recovery from End-of-Life Printed Circuit Boards with Aspergillus niger

et al. 2020

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The growing production and use of electric and electronic components has led to higher rates of metal consumption and waste generation. To solve this double criticality, the old linear management method (in which a product becomes waste to dispose), has evolved towards a circular approach. Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are the brains of many electronic devices. At the end of their life, this equipment represents a valuable scrap for the content of base metals such as Cu and Zn (25 and 2 wt %, respectively) and precious metals such as Au, Ag, and Pd (250, 1000, and 110 ppm, respectively). Recently, biotechnological approaches have gained increasing prominence in PCB exploitation since they can be more cost-efficient and environmentally friendly than the chemical techniques. In this context, the present paper describes a sustainable process which uses the fungal strain Aspergillus niger for Cu and Zn extraction from PCBs. The best conditions identified were PCB addition after 14 days, Fe3+ as oxidant agent, and a pulp density of 2.5% (w/v). Extraction efficiencies of 60% and 40% for Cu and Zn, respectively, were achieved after 21 days of fermentation. The ecodesign of the process was further enhanced by using milk whey as substrate for the fungal growth and the consequent citric acid production, which was selected as a bioleaching agent.

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E‐Waste Valorization and Resource Recovery

Vishwakarma,

Hait

2023

Management of Electronic Waste

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Fungal bioleaching of WPCBs using Aspergillus niger: Observation, optimization and kinetics

Cited by 120 publications

References 35 publications

Advanced Recovery Techniques for Waste Materials from IT and Telecommunication Equipment Printed Circuit Boards

Advanced Recovery Techniques for Waste Materials from IT and Telecommunication Equipment Printed Circuit Boards

Biotechnology for Metal Recovery from End-of-Life Printed Circuit Boards with Aspergillus niger

E‐Waste Valorization and Resource Recovery

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