Fungal biodegradation of a phenylurea herbicide, diuron?:?structure and toxicity of metabolites

Tixier, C.; Bogaerts, Philippe; Sancelme, Martine; Bonnemoy, Frédérique; Twagilimana, Landoald; Cuer, A.; Bohatier, Jacques; Veschambre, H.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1526-4998(200005)56:5<455::aid-ps152>3.0.co;2-z

Cited by 139 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, the results for diuron and its degradation products indicated that most of the metabolites presented higher nontarget toxicity than the parent molecule. Among all the products tested, 3,4-DCA and the formylated derivative had the most toxic effects, thus corroborate previous studies (Tixier et al, 2000(Tixier et al, , 2001. This toxicity shows the potential risks involved in releasing molecules, which are transformed into the environment.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…A toxic effect of this metabolite is also reported in V. fischeri (Microtox test) with a 15 min-EC 50 of 1.1 mg/L, while a genotoxic effect was demonstrated with a dark mutant of V. fischeri (via the Mutatox test) by Osano et al (2002). Tixier et al (2000Tixier et al ( , 2001 showed a toxicity of diuron and 3,4-DCA on both V. fischeri and T. pyriformis and also demonstrated toxicity for the other metabolites D1, D2, D3, DCPMU, and DCPU. Globally, most of the metabolites presented a higher toxicity than diuron even if the assessment was related to the microbiotests used.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…The diuron degradation products D1, D2, D3, DCPMU, and DCPU were supplied by the ''Synthèse Et É tude de Systèmes à Intérêt Biologique'' Laboratory at Blaise Pascal University (Clermont-Ferrand, France). The synthese of these compounds has been previously described (Tixier et al, 2000(Tixier et al, , 2001. For all bioassays, alachlor, diuron, and its degradation products were dissolved in DMSO.…”

Section: Chemicals Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This technique was adapted from the methods developed by Sauvant et al (1995b) and Tixier et al (2000). For each experiment, assays were conducted axenically using a 96-well microplate.…”

Section: Population Growth Rate Test (Experiments With T Pyriformis)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of the potential toxicity of herbicides and their degradation products to nontarget cells using two microorganisms, the bacteria Vibrio fischeri and the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis

Bonnet¹,

Bonnemoy

Dusser³

et al. 2007

Environmental Toxicology

107

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ABSTRACT:The potential toxicity of several herbicides-alachlor, diuron and its photo and biotransformation products, glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethyl phosphonic acid (AMPA)-to nontarget cells was assessed using two microorganisms frequently used in ecotoxicology, Vibrio fischeri and Tetrahymena pyriformis. Toxicity assays involved the Microtox 1 test, the T. pyriformis population growth impairment test employing three different processes (flasks, tubes, microplates), and the T. pyriformis nonspecific esterase activities test. Several IC 50 or EC 50 values are reported for each molecule. Alachlor exerted a toxic effect on the two nontarget cells used. The results for diuron and its photo and biotransformation products indicated that most of the metabolites presented nontarget toxicity higher than that of diuron. Glyphosate and AMPA had a less negative effect on T. pyriformis than on V. fischeri. Nevertheless, in all cases, glyphosate was found to be more toxic than AMPA. Comparison analysis of the sensitivity of the different tests showed that, in general, tests using the eukaryotic cell (T. pyriformis) were more sensitive than test using the prokaryotic cell (V. fischeri), and that a population growth criterion is more sensitive than an enzymatic criterion. The three different processes that could be used to evaluate effects on population growth rate were equally sensitive for the herbicides tested. A significant correlation between toxicity data and the hydrophobicity of the chemicals could only be established with the growth population test. This study demonstrates that it is essential to assess the toxicity of the metabolites formed to complete a more comprehensive study of the environmental impact of a polluting agent. # 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 22: 78-91, 2007.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Chemicals Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This technique was adapted from the methods developed by Sauvant et al (1995b) and Tixier et al (2000). For each experiment, assays were conducted axenically using a 96-well microplate.…”

Section: Population Growth Rate Test (Experiments With T Pyriformis)mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Assessment of the potential toxicity of herbicides and their degradation products to nontarget cells using two microorganisms, the bacteria Vibrio fischeri and the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis

Bonnet¹,

Bonnemoy

Dusser³

et al. 2007

Environmental Toxicology

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…With effect from December 2003, the European Union Drinking Water Directive (Council Directive 98/83/EC) has set limits of 0.03 µg/L for certain pesticides. Under the Directive there is currently no requirement for water supply organisations to measure pesticide metabolites despite evidence that their toxicity can be higher than the parent compound (Tixier et al, 2000;Tixier et al, 2001). There is a clear need therefore, to better understand the movement and transport of pesticides and their degradation products in both the thin soil zone, where most retardation and degradation is likely to take place, and in the aquifer itself.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A field study to assess the degradation and transport of diuron and its metabolites in a calcareous soil

Gooddy

Chilton

Harrison

2002

Science of The Total Environment

103

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An experimental plot has been established on a calcareous soil in southern England to investigate the fate and transport of diuron (N'-[3,4-dichlorophenyl]-N,N-dimethylurea), a commonly used phenylurea herbicide. An agricultural grade of diuron was applied to the soil surface at a rate of 6.7 kg/ha along with a potassium bromide conservative tracer applied at 200 kg/ha in early January 2001. Hand augured samples were taken at regular intervals over the next 50 days with samples collected down to 54 cm. Porewaters were extracted from the soil cores by using high speed centrifugation and the supernatant fluids were retained for analysis by HPLC for diuron and three of its metabolites, N'- [3,, N'-3,4-dichlorophenylurea (DCPU) and 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA). The centrifuged soil was retained and then extracted with methanol prior to HPLC analysis for the same suite of phenylureas. A mass balance approach showed large variations in diuron distribution but on average accounted for 104% of the diuron applied. Concentrations of diuron and its metabolites were roughly five times higher in the soil than in the soil porewaters. After 50 days metabolites comprised 10% of the total diuron present in the porewater and 20% of the total diuron sorbed to the soil matrix. After 36 days a large pulse of diuron and DCPMU appeared in the porewaters and soil matrix at a depth of 54 cm, travelling an average of 0.15 cm/d faster than Br. A preferential route for diuron transport is suggested. There is evidence to suggest that degradation occurs at depth as well as at the soil surface. Metabolites generally appear to move more slowly than the parent compound. All metabolites were encountered but interpreting transport and degradation processes simultaneously proved beyond the scope of the study. Diuron was detected once in a shallow (5 m) observation well situated on the experimental plot. High concentrations of diuron and metabolites were still present in the soil and soil solutions after 50 days and remain as a source of potential groundwater contamination.

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Fungal Degradation of Pesticides

Singh

2006

Mycoremediation

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Fungal biodegradation of a phenylurea herbicide, diuron?:?structure and toxicity of metabolites

Cited by 139 publications

References 28 publications

Assessment of the potential toxicity of herbicides and their degradation products to nontarget cells using two microorganisms, the bacteria Vibrio fischeri and the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis

Assessment of the potential toxicity of herbicides and their degradation products to nontarget cells using two microorganisms, the bacteria Vibrio fischeri and the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis

A field study to assess the degradation and transport of diuron and its metabolites in a calcareous soil

Fungal Degradation of Pesticides

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