Fundamentals to Apply Magnetic Nanoparticles for Hyperthermia Therapy

Abstract

The activation of magnetic nanoparticles in hyperthermia treatment by an external alternating magnetic field is a promising technique for targeted cancer therapy. The external alternating magnetic field generates heat in the tumor area, which is utilized to kill cancerous cells. Depending on the tumor type and site to be targeted, various types of magnetic nanoparticles, with variable coating materials of different shape and surface charge, have been developed. The tunable physical and chemical properties of magnetic nanoparticles enhance their heating efficiency. Moreover, heating efficiency is directly related with the product values of the applied magnetic field and frequency. Protein corona formation is another important parameter affecting the heating efficiency of MNPs in magnetic hyperthermia. This review provides the basics of magnetic hyperthermia, mechanisms of heat losses, thermal doses for hyperthermia therapy, and strategies to improve heating efficiency. The purpose of this review is to build a bridge between the synthesis/coating of magnetic nanoparticles and their practical application in magnetic hyperthermia.

Non-Heating Alternating Magnetic Field Nanomechanical Stimulation of Biomolecule Structures via Magnetic Nanoparticles as the Basis for Future Low-Toxic Biomedical Applications

“…MNPs are already used to increase contrast in magnetic resonance imaging and in addressed drug delivery, including controlled drug release from the transport of nanoscale modules. Magnetic hyperthermia (MHT), which is a drugless therapy method that utilizes MNPs heated by AMF in the 100–800 kHz range, has already been developed for more than half a century [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. The MNPs’ introduction to a living organism shifts the critical frequency by dividing the heating and non-heating AMF from the megahertz range to the kilohertz range.…”

Effects of Process Variables on Properties of CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles Prepared by Solvothermal Process

“…Magnetic nanoparticles are very attractive for many applications in various fields, among which the iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ) nanoparticles have been widely studied in the past decade due to their outstanding ability to capture the magnetic moment signal, high biocompatibility, and high chemical stability [1,2]. However, currently, magnetic ferrite nanoparticles have other transition metal atoms such as Ni, Cu, Mg, Zn, Co, and Mn instead of some iron atoms in the ferrite crystal lattice and have gained remarkable attention in recent years because of their improved unique physicochemical properties such as a high surface area-to-volume ratio, feasibility of surface functionalization, and excellent magnetic responses with magnetic fields and field gradients that can be widely applied to bio-separation, magnetic resonance imaging, biosensors, drug delivery, and magnetic hyperthermia [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10].…”

Filtration of Nanoparticle Agglomerates in Aqueous Colloidal Suspensions Exposed to an External Radio-Frequency Magnetic Field

“…In particular, magnetite (Fe O ) and maghemite ( -Fe O ) are two main crystal phases, commonly used in various applications. The most common examples are magnetic resonance imaging [ 5 , 6 , 7 ], magnetic hyperthermia [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ], drug delivery/release systems [ 16 , 17 , 18 ], immune response control [ 19 , 20 ], and environmental remediation [ 21 , 22 ]. There are several methods of preparing iron oxide nanoparticles [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ], but their aqueous suspensions are often not stable and agglomerate quickly.…”