Fundamentals of videogrammetry — A review

Gruen, Armin

doi:10.1016/s0167-9457(96)00048-6

Cited by 73 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…To analyze the trajectory of both players in a dyad, we used a 3-D image measurement technique called videogrammetry (Gruen, 1997). The goal of this technique is to reconstruct 3-D space by transforming the pairs of coordinates of each camera into three coordinate planes (x, y, and z).…”

Section: Building and Developing A 3-d Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interpersonal dynamics in sport: The role of artificial neural networks and 3-D analysis

Passos

Araújo

Davids

et al. 2006

Behavior Research Methods

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Identifying the reasons for which some individuals and teams achieve success is one of the most common goals in the research literature on sport performance. The methodologies used to study sport performance have been established to compare the actions of successful and unsuccessful teams and athletes, and the outcomes include a range of statistical data of discrete actions performed by teams and players during competition (see Hughes & Franks, 2004). Despite the importance of these data, a significant criticism of the notational analysis of sport performance is that it does not identify the reasons for those discrete actions in order to explain the difference between successful and unsucessful teams. The data typically inform us of what happens, but not of how and why it happens.To understand the dynamical processes in sport performance, McGarry and Perl (2004) used a specific type of neural network: the Kohonen feature map. They argued that the neural networks approach must be used first to recognize situations and analyze processes, and only then to identify decision-making processes. However, with that approach, a 2-D information structure (e.g., a pair of coordinates) was implemented to represent a pattern, which decreases the ability of a neural network to analyze the complex processes that emerge in sports contests.Additional problems of network learning processes include their dependency on input patterns and the fact that those patterns change continuously as a result of a player's tactical behaviors. A theoretical rationale from the field of ecological psychology allows us to understand that tactical behaviors are dependent on the information available in specific contexts, and that that information is geared to each player's tactical behavior. Clearly, the use of Kohonen feature maps to study performance might incur problems in reliably recognizing patterns in sports contests. Another method proposed by McGarry and Perl (2004) is the dynamical controlled network (DyCoN), already tested successfully in different areas of sport (Perl, 2002). This method deals with the problem of dependency on input patterns. The DyCoN has the ability to learn continuously or in discrete phases, so input patterns need not be presented to the network in a single data set. McGarry and Perl (2004, p. 241) argued that the information acquired during the learning of the DyCoN could be used in "complementing our understanding of the processes that take place in the learning of cognitive and/or motor skills In previous attempts to identify dynamical systems properties in patterns of play in team sports, only 2-D analysis methods have been used, implying that the plane of motion must be preselected and that movements out of the chosen plane are ignored. In the present study, we examined the usefulness of 3-D methods of analysis for establishing the presence of dynamical systems properties, such as phase transitions and symmetry-breaking processes in the team sport of rugby. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were employed to re...

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Section: Building and Developing A 3-d Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(4) The axes among the cameras do not need to be aligned in a fixed position. (5) Unlike linear models, the ANN deals automatically with the distortion lens problem (Gruen, 1997). …”

Section: Building and Developing A 3-d Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpersonal dynamics in sport: The role of artificial neural networks and 3-D analysis

Passos

Araújo

Davids

et al. 2006

Behavior Research Methods

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“…DLT is a commonly used method to reconstruct 3-D coordinates in studies using non-metric cameras (e.g. Ambrosio et al, 2001;de Groot, 2004;Douglas et al, 2004;Gruen, 1997;Meintjes et al, 2002). Assuming collinearity, the image point, focal point of the camera and object point are calculated to lie on a straight line (one per point per image) based on the following DLT equations:…”

Section: -D Coordinate Reconstructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After the model was determined, the digitized x, y coordinates of the snake's head, midpoint and vent landmarks in each image pair were used used to calculate their respective X, Y and Z coordinates. See (Chen et al, 1994;Gruen, 1997;Maas, 1997;Yuan and Ryd, 2000) for further details of DLT methodology.…”

Section: -D Coordinate Reconstructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 3-D kinematic analysis of gliding in a flying snake,Chrysopelea paradisi

Socha

O'Dempsey

LaBarbera

2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY Flying snake species (Chrysopelea) locomote through the air despite a lack of appendages or any obvious external morphological specialization for flight. Here photogrammetric techniques were used to investigate C. paradisi's aerial trajectory in three dimensions. Two videocameras arranged in stereo were used to record head, midpoint and vent landmarks on snakes that jumped from a horizontal branch at a height of 9.62 m and landed in an open field. The coordinates of these landmarks were reconstructed in three dimensions and used to analyze patterns of position,glide angle and speed concurrently with changes in body posture in 14 glide sequences from different individuals. C. paradisi's trajectory was composed of a ballistic dive followed by a shallowing phase in which the path became more horizontal; for most glide trials, no equilibrium phase was observed. In the ballistic dive, the snake changed posture from generally straight to a wide `S' shape in planview and began aerial undulation. Shortly after the ballistic dive, the snake's speed transitioned from an initial acceleration to stable or to a different rate of increase or decrease. Aerial undulation, in which high-amplitude traveling waves pass posteriorly down the body, was a prominent locomotor behavior. In mid-glide, this undulation occurred with the anterior body oriented approximately parallel with the ground and the posterior body cycling up and down in the vertical plane. The body angle of attack for the anterior body for one trial was 20-40°. Snakes traveled a horizontal distance of 10.14±2.69 m (mean ± s.d.) while reaching an airspeed of 10.0±0.9 m s-1, sinking speed of 6.4±0.8 m s-1 and horizontal speed of 8.1±0.9 m s-1. The glide path shallowed at a rate of 20±6° s-1 and reached a minimum glide angle of 28±10°, with a minimum recorded glide angle of 13°. C. paradisi are surprisingly good gliders given their unconventional locomotor style, with performance characteristics that rival or surpass more familiar gliding taxa such as flying squirrels. As in other gliders, C. paradisi is potentially capable of using aerial locomotion to move effectively between trees, chase aerial prey, or avoid predators.

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“…Clipp et al (2008) describe a process of automatic reconstruction of large scale urban scenes where panoramic camera is used, however they only use a part of spherical images and the application of panoramic camera has not been investigated in their research (Singh, Jain & Mand, 2014). The process of using video techniques and applying measurements is called videogrammetry and it refers mainly to video images taken using camcorder or movie function on a digital still camera (Gruen, 1997). However, there is little research on the application of immersive videography in videogrammetry.…”

Section: Videography and Videogrammetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Photogrammetric Applications of Immersive Video Cameras

Kwiatek

Tokarczyk

2014

ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.

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ABSTRACT:The paper investigates immersive videography and its application in close-range photogrammetry. Immersive video involves the capture of a live-action scene that presents a 360° field of view. It is recorded simultaneously by multiple cameras or microlenses, where the principal point of each camera is offset from the rotating axis of the device. This issue causes problems when stit ching together individual frames of video separated from particular cameras, however there are ways to overcome it and applying immersive cameras in photogrammetry provides a new potential. The paper presents two applications of immersive video in photogrammetry. At first, the creation of a low-cost mobile mapping system based on Ladybug®3 and GPS device is discussed. The amount of panoramas is much too high for photogrammetric purposes as the base line between spherical panoramas is around 1 metre. More than 92 000 panoramas were recorded in one Polish region of Czarny Dunajec and the measurements from panoramas enable the user to measure the area of outdoors (adverting structures) and billboards. A new law is being created in order to limit the number of illegal advertising structures in the Polish landscape and immersive video recorded in a short period of time is a candidate for economical and flexible measurements off-site. The second approach is a generation of 3d video-based reconstructions of heritage sites based on immersive video (structure from immersive video). A mobile camera mounted on a tripod dolly was used to record the interior scene and immersive video, separated into thousands of still panoramas, was converted from video into 3d objects using Agisoft Photoscan Professional. The findings from these experiments demonstrated that immersive photogrammetry seems to be a flexible and prompt method of 3d modelling and provides promising features for mobile mapping systems.

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Fundamentals of videogrammetry — A review

Cited by 73 publications

References 7 publications

Interpersonal dynamics in sport: The role of artificial neural networks and 3-D analysis

Interpersonal dynamics in sport: The role of artificial neural networks and 3-D analysis

A 3-D kinematic analysis of gliding in a flying snake,Chrysopelea paradisi

Photogrammetric Applications of Immersive Video Cameras

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