Fundamentals of Pharmacology

Galbraith, Alan; Bullock, Shane; Manias, Elizabeth; Hunt, B. J.; Richards, Anna

doi:10.4324/9781315656700

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…The phase transformations of alumina have been widely studied because alumina is a technologically and industrially important material with different applications for different phases. For example, the oxyhydroxide boehmite phase and the hydroxides gibbsite and bayerite are used in antacids, as adjuvants in some vaccines, and as the feedstock for the manufacture of many other aluminum compounds including aluminum metal. The hard, high-temperature alpha Al 2 O 3 phase (α-Al 2 O 3 or corundum) is widely used as a refractory material, as a pigment in paints and sunscreens, and as an abrasive material in sandpapers, cutting tools, and even toothpastes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase Progression of γ-Al₂O₃ Nanoparticles Synthesized in a Solvent-Deficient Environment

Smith¹,

Amin

Woodfield³

et al. 2013

Inorg. Chem.

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Our simple and uniquely cost-effective solvent-deficient synthetic method produces 3-5 nm Al2O3 nanoparticles which show promise as improved industrial catalyst-supports. While catalytic applications are sensitive to the details of the atomic structure, a diffraction analysis of alumina nanoparticles is challenging because of extreme size/microstrain-related peak broadening and the similarity of the diffraction patterns of various transitional Al2O3 phases. Here, we employ a combination of X-ray pair-distribution function (PDF) and Rietveld methods, together with solid-state NMR and thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis-mass spectrometry (TG/DTA-MS), to characterize the alumina phase-progression in our nanoparticles as a function of calcination temperature between 300 and 1200 °C. In the solvent-deficient synthetic environment, a boehmite precursor phase forms which transitions to γ-Al2O3 at an extraordinarily low temperature (below 300 °C), but this γ-Al2O3 is initially riddled with boehmite-like stacking-fault defects that steadily disappear during calcination in the range from 300 to 950 °C. The healing of these defects accounts for many of the most interesting and widely reported properties of the γ-phase.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase Progression of γ-Al₂O₃ Nanoparticles Synthesized in a Solvent-Deficient Environment

Smith¹,

Amin

Woodfield³

et al. 2013

Inorg. Chem.

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“…6 Over or under estimating the age of an adult patient may make little, if any difference, to their overall management, though special consideration should be given to elderly patients given the increased likelihood for co-morbidities 13 and potential alterations to pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. 14 However, in paediatric patients this inaccuracy may lead to incorrect treatment and may have potentially harmful short term outcomes. 15 This study is potentially limited by students viewing PowerPoint presentation slides to provide their estimations and not viewing a real person.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Undergraduate Paramedic Students Able to Accurately Estimate a Patient's Age? – a Short Report

Boyle

Williams

2007

Australasian Journal of Paramedicine

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IntroductionAccurately estimating a patient’s age (adult or paediatric) is a requirement for all health care clinicians, especially when the patient is unresponsive. Likewise, this ability is critical for paramedics as calculations for paediatric medication dosages, defibrillation, some equipment sizing, and other invasive procedures like intubation, require age as the basis for the calculation. No previous prehospital or nursing studies on paramedic or nursing age estimations were located. The objective of this study was to identify if undergraduate paramedic students were able to accurately estimate a patient’s age.MethodsA prospective single-blinded observational pilot study requiring students to estimate the age of seven patients of varying age using digital images of a complete person.ResultsThe results demonstrate that undergraduate paramedic and paramedic/nursing students have difficult in accurately estimating a person’s age or at least being within five years either side of the actual adult age. Patients one and two were children, 28% of students correctly estimated the age of patient one, with 26% of students correctly estimating the age of patient two. The remainder were adult patients. No student correctly estimated the age of patient three, only 1% of students correctly estimated the age of patient four, 6% of students correctly estimated the age of patient five, none of the students correctly estimated the age of patient six, and approximately 2% of students correctly estimated the age of patient seven.ConclusionThe results of this pilot study have demonstrated that undergraduate paramedic, paramedic/nursing students, and potentially novice paramedics, lack the ability to accurately estimate the age of a range of patients. The results have provided teaching staff with important information to incorporate into the clinical curriculum.

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“…It is assumed that this class of drugs mainly acts by blocking dopaminergic signal transmission in the nigrostriatal pathway. Due to the aforementioned mechanism of action, it is of high probability that the side effects associated with the motor system, including extrapyramidal syndrome, may be observed [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Protective Effects of Carvacrol on Haloperidol-Induced Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes

Zamani

Shad

Fatemi

et al. 2022

Journal of Toxicology

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Haloperidol is a first-generation antipsychotic drug that has several indications in a wide range of mental conditions. The extensive prescription of haloperidol is correlated with some less-known adverse effects such as genotoxicity. Carvacrol is a monoterpenoid mainly found in oregano and thyme. It has the potential to scavenge free radicals in addition to increasing antioxidant defense enzyme activities and glutathione levels. In this study, we attempted to explore the possible potential of haloperidol in inducing genotoxicity in human peripheral lymphocytes as well as the protective role of carvacrol against this effect. The lymphocytes were divided into separate groups as follows: control group (cosolvent and NS); carvacrol group (5 μM); haloperidol group (25, 50, and 100 ng/ml); haloperidol (25, 50, and 100 ng/ml) + carvacrol (5 μM); positive control (0.8 μg/ml Cisplatin). After 24 hours of treatment, we conducted a cytokinesis-Block micronucleus test and an alkaline comet assay in order to determine genetic damage. Additionally, we measured glutathione and MDA levels as the biomarkers associated with oxidative stress. Significant increases in the levels of genotoxicity biomarkers (micronucleus frequency, DNA percentage in tail and tail moment) were observed in haloperidol-treated cells. The result of our oxidative stress tests also demonstrated that haloperidol had the potential to induce oxidative stress via reducing the levels of glutathione and increasing lipid peroxidation. Treatment with carvacrol significantly decreased the genotoxic events. It can be presumed that the induction of oxidative stress by haloperidol is the critical event associated with haloperidol-mediated genotoxicity. Therefore, using carvacrol as a natural antioxidant protected human lymphocytes against haloperidol genetic damage.

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Fundamentals of Pharmacology

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Phase Progression of γ-Al₂O₃ Nanoparticles Synthesized in a Solvent-Deficient Environment

Phase Progression of γ-Al₂O₃ Nanoparticles Synthesized in a Solvent-Deficient Environment

Are Undergraduate Paramedic Students Able to Accurately Estimate a Patient's Age? – a Short Report

Assessment of Protective Effects of Carvacrol on Haloperidol-Induced Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes

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Fundamentals of Pharmacology

Cited by 6 publications

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Phase Progression of γ-Al2O3 Nanoparticles Synthesized in a Solvent-Deficient Environment

Phase Progression of γ-Al2O3 Nanoparticles Synthesized in a Solvent-Deficient Environment

Are Undergraduate Paramedic Students Able to Accurately Estimate a Patient's Age? – a Short Report

Assessment of Protective Effects of Carvacrol on Haloperidol-Induced Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes

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Phase Progression of γ-Al₂O₃ Nanoparticles Synthesized in a Solvent-Deficient Environment

Phase Progression of γ-Al₂O₃ Nanoparticles Synthesized in a Solvent-Deficient Environment