Fundamentals of Indoor Particles and Settled Dust

Morawska, Lidia; Salthammer, Tunga

doi:10.1002/9783527610013.ch1

Cited by 38 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…These findings can be attributed to the diesel emission. Number concentration of diesel-exhaust particles have been shown to exhibit a bi-modal distribution with 98% of particles in the submicrometer range (ARB, 1997; Morawska, 2003b), including significant ultrafine fraction (Burtscher, 2005; U.S. EPA 2002a).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Greater Cincinnati community 38.5% of public schools are located within 400 meters of major roads (Appatova et al 2008). This distance also represents the area of elevated exposure to ultrafine PM (Martuzevicius et al 2004; Morawska and Salthammer, 2003b; Reponen et al 2003; Zhu et al 2002a; Zhu et al 2002b). A recent report by Richmond-Bryant et al (2009), which established associations of PM2.5 and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations with traffic, idling, background pollution and meteorology during student dismissals at four New York City schools, singled out diesel idling and passing as significant factors contributing to EC and fine particles measured in the school vicinity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aerosol particles generated by diesel-powered school buses at urban schools as a source of children’s exposure

Hochstetler

Yermakov

Reponen

et al. 2011

Atmospheric Environment

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Various heath effects in children have been associated with exposure to traffic-related particulate matter (PM), including emissions from school buses. In this study, the indoor and outdoor aerosol at four urban elementary schools serviced by diesel-powered school buses was characterized with respect to the particle number concentrations and size distributions as well as the PM2.5 mass concentrations and elemental compositions. It was determined that the presence of school buses significantly affected the outdoor particle size distribution, specifically in the ultrafine fraction. The time-weighted average of the total number concentration measured outside the schools was significantly associated with the bus and the car counts. The concentration increase was consistently observed during the morning drop-off hours and in most of the days during the afternoon pick-up period (although at a lower degree). Outdoor PM2.5 mass concentrations measured at schools ranged from 3.8 to 27.6 µg m−3. The school with the highest number of operating buses exhibited the highest average PM2.5 mass concentration. The outdoor mass concentrations of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) were also highest at the school with the greatest number of buses. Most (47/55) correlations between traffic-related elements identified in the outdoor PM2.5 were significant with elements identified in the indoor PM2.5. Significant associations were observed between indoor and outdoor aerosols for EC, EC/OC, and the total particle number concentration. Day-to-day and school-to-school variations in Indoor/Outdoor (I/O) ratios were related to the observed differences in opening windows and doors, which enhanced the particle penetration, as well as indoor activities at schools. Overall, the results on I/O ratio obtained in this study reflect the sizes of particles emitted by diesel-powered school bus engines (primarily, an ultrafine fraction capable of penetrating indoors).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosol particles generated by diesel-powered school buses at urban schools as a source of children’s exposure

Hochstetler

Yermakov

Reponen

et al. 2011

Atmospheric Environment

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“…The indoor environment does not safeguard against outdoor pollution, because outdoor air penetrates easily indoors (Hoek et al, 2008) where Indian city dwellers spend more than 80% of their time (Massey et al, 2012) as in most countries around the world (Heinrich, 2011;Wallace and Ott, 2011). Even in the absence of additional indoor source contributions, indoor concentrations of PM 10 and PM 2.5 can reach between 50 and 100% of their outdoor counterparts inside naturally ventilated buildings (Morawska and Salthammer, 2003). Given this fact, "clean air" in the context of megacities, and whether it is available to the residents of Indian megacities, needs to be explored.…”

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confidence: 99%

New Directions: Can a “blue sky” return to Indian megacities?

Kumar

Jain

Gurjar

et al. 2013

Atmospheric Environment

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Abstract:Deterioration of air quality in Indian megacities (Delhi, Mumbai or Kolkata) is much more significant than that observed in the megacities of developed countries. Densely packed high-rise buildings restrict the self-cleaning capabilities of Indian megacities. Also, the ever growing number of on-road vehicles, resuspension of the dust, and anthropogenic activities exacerbate the levels of ambient air pollution, which is in turn breathed by urban dwellers. Pollution levels exceeding the standards on a regular basis often result in a notable increase in morbidity and mortality. This article discusses the challenges faced by Indian megacities in their quest for sustainable growth, without compromising the air quality and urban way of life.

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“…The main factors influencing indoor particle concentrations are indoor and outdoor sources, particle loss due to deposition on indoor surfaces, penetration of outdoor particles, and air exchange rates (Morawska and Salthammer, ). The equation used to relate these parameters has been reported in previous studies (Chen et al., ; Koutrakis et al., ; Thatcher and Layton, ):

\frac{d C_{normalin}}{d t} = P * α * C_{normalout} + \frac{Q_{s}}{V} - false(italicα + k false) * C_{normalin}

where C in and C out are indoor and outdoor particle concentrations, respectively, P is the penetration efficiency, k is the deposition rate, α is the air exchange rate, Q s is the indoor particle generation rate, t is time, and V is the effective volume of the space.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pilot study of traditional indoor biomass cooking and heating in rural Bhutan: gas and particle concentrations and emission rates

Wangchuk

Knibbs

et al. 2016

Indoor Air

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Although many studies have reported the health effects of biomass fuels in developing countries, relatively few have quantitatively characterized emissions from biomass stoves during cooking and heating. The aim of this pilot study was to characterize the emission characteristics of different biomass stoves in four rural houses in Bhutan during heating (metal chimney stove), rice cooking (traditional mud stove), fodder preparation (stone tripod stove), and liquor distillation (traditional mud stove). Three stage measurements (before, during, and after the activity had ceased) were conducted for PM , particle number (PN), CO, and CO . When stoves were operated, the pollutant concentrations were significantly elevated above background levels, by an average of 40 and 18 times for PM and CO, respectively. Emission rates (mg/min) ranged from 1.07 × 10 (PM ) and 3.50 × 10 (CO) for the stone tripod stove during fodder preparation to 6.20 × 10 (PM ) and 2.22 × 10 (CO) for the traditional mud stove during liquor distillation. Usable PN data were only available for one house, during heating using a metal chimney stove, which presented an emission rate of 3.24 × 10 particles/min. Interventions to control household air pollution in Bhutan, in order to reduce the health risks associated with cooking and heating, are recommended.

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Fundamentals of Indoor Particles and Settled Dust

Cited by 38 publications

References 51 publications

Aerosol particles generated by diesel-powered school buses at urban schools as a source of children’s exposure

Aerosol particles generated by diesel-powered school buses at urban schools as a source of children’s exposure

New Directions: Can a “blue sky” return to Indian megacities?

A pilot study of traditional indoor biomass cooking and heating in rural Bhutan: gas and particle concentrations and emission rates

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