Fundamentals of Diagnostic Ultrasound in Dromedary Camel Medicine

Abstract

This review focuses on the principles of diagnostic ultrasound in dromedary camel medicine. The first section of the review concentrates on scanning of the abdominal cavity of both sick and sound ones including sonography of the gastrointestinal tract and physical feedbacks followed by the implementation in different belly diseases. The second part of the review will focus on hepatic scanning of both sound and unhealthy camels including hepatic sonography in camels and natural results, evaluation of the liver echotexture, size and positioning and evaluation of the hepatic veins. It will be also followed by the application of ultrasound in some hepatic disorders in camels. The third section of this review will discuss renal imaging in sound and unhealthy camels including renal sonography and detected results. Parallel, it will be followed by application in different renal disorders. The last section of this article will emphasize thoracic imaging of both sound and unhealthy ones including procedures of pulmonary ultrasonography and findings in healthy camels and echocardiographic protocol and findings. Using sonography in detecting thoracic disorders such as myocardial degeneration, pneumonia, pulmonary abscessation, pulmonary emphysema, pleural effusion, pleurisy and pleuropneumonia will be followed.