Fundamentals of binaural technology

Møller, Henrik

doi:10.1016/0003-682x(92)90046-u

Cited by 365 publications

(249 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…(7) and Figure 2. The 128- The synthesized binaural signals are equalized by the inverse of individualized headphone-ear-canal transfer functions prior to reproduction via headphone [18].…”

Section: R E T T R H T E T T Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Platform for dynamic virtual auditory environment real-time rendering system

Zhang

Xie

2013

Chin. Sci. Bull.

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This paper reports the recent works and progress on a PC and C++ language-based virtual auditory environment (VAE) system platform. By tracing the temporary location and orientation of listener's head and dynamically simulating the acoustic propagation from sound source to two ears, the system is capable of recreating free-field virtual sources at various directions and distances as well as auditory perception in reflective environment via headphone presentation. Schemes for improving VAE performance, including PCA-based (principal components analysis) near-field virtual source synthesis, simulating six degrees of freedom of head movement, are proposed. Especially, the PCA-based scheme greatly reduces the computational cost of multiple virtual sources synthesis. Test demonstrates that the system exhibits improved performances as compared with some existing systems. It is able to simultaneously render up to 280 virtual sources using conventional scheme, and 4500 virtual sources using the PCA-based scheme. A set of psychoacoustic experiments also validate the performance of the system, and at the same time, provide some preliminary results on the research of binaural hearing. The functions of the VAE system is being extended and the system serves as a flexible and powerful platform for future binaural hearing researches and virtual reality applications. Virtual auditory or acoustic environment (VAE) recreates auditory perceptions or events as those would happen in real world by controlling acoustic environment artificially. As a high-technology, VAE interdisciplines the fields of acoustics/physics, signal processing, computer science and human perception. It not only serves as an important experimental tool for the human hearing research, but also constitutes a major part of the multimedia and virtual reality technique. VAE has a lot of potential applications in various fields such as communication, room acoustic design, as well as military and aeronaut training [1]. In real environments, a complex sound field consists of direct sound waves from sound sources and reflected/ scattered sound waves from boundaries. The temporal and spatial characteristics of the sound field capture the information of sources and surrounding environment. The presence of a listener will further disturb the sound field, so that the pressures received by two ears are modified by the scattering, diffraction and reflection of the human anatomical structures. It is just these source direction-dependent scattering, diffraction and reflection that encode the temporal and spatial information of sound field into binaural signals at eardrums. In addition, source or listener's head movement alters the transmission from source to two ears and thereby alters the binaural pressures, which brings dynamic auditory information. Auditory (including high-level nerve) system analyzes and processes the binaural signals and related dynamic information, resulting in spatial auditory perception or events, such as source localization and subjective spatial per...

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“…(7) and Figure 2. The 128- The synthesized binaural signals are equalized by the inverse of individualized headphone-ear-canal transfer functions prior to reproduction via headphone [18].…”

Section: R E T T R H T E T T Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Platform for dynamic virtual auditory environment real-time rendering system

Zhang

Xie

2013

Chin. Sci. Bull.

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“…Towards this end, we adopt the algorithm proposed in [6] for a diffuse-field equalization (DFE). In DFE, a reference spectrum is derived by power-averaging all HRTFs from each ear and taking the square root of this average spectrum.…”

Section: A Diffuse-field Equalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The DFE is performed according to the following four steps: 1) Remove the initial time delay from the beginning of the measured impulse responses, which typically has a duration of about 10-15 samples. 2) Remove features from modeling that are independent of the incident angle [6]. 3) Smooth the magnitude response using a critical-band auditory smoothing technique [7].…”

Section: A Diffuse-field Equalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Robust 3D Robotic Sound Localization Using State-Space HRTF Inversion

Keyrouz

Diepold

Dewilde

2006

2006 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics

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Abstract-We address the problem of robotic real-time binaural hearing using a humanoid head. The sound detection ability for a previously proposed robotic 3D binaural sound localization technique is stabilized and considerably enhanced. The proposed technique is based on using two small microphones placed inside the ear canal of a robot dummy head mounted on a torso. As initially proposed, the detection algorithm is based on a simple correlation approach using a generic set of head related transfer functions, HRTFs, inverted using the fast fourier transform, FFT, method. In the current work, we replace the fourier inversion mechanism with state-space inversion using outer-inner factorization, and we demonstrate the performance through simulation and further in a household environment. Due to this modification, our robotic sound detection set up proves to be more noise-tolerant and able to localize sound sources in a three-dimensional space with a higher precision.

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“…Binaural technology has proven to be an efficient and effective way for reproducing a 3D sound scene using relatively small numbers of loudspeakers with the clear limitation that a single binaural reproduction system cannot replicate the 3D sound image for multiple listeners over a wide area [1,2]. Several technical methods using multiple loudspeakers have been proposed for generating spatial audio experience for more people in a wider area.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Velocity controlled sound field reproduction by non-uniformly spaced loudspeakers

Shin

Nelson

Fazi

et al. 2016

Journal of Sound and Vibration

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One approach to the reproduction of a sound field is to ensure the reproduction of the acoustic pressure on the surface bounding the volume within which reproduction is sought.However, this approach suffers from technical limitations when the loudspeakers used for the reproduction of the surface acoustic pressures are unevenly spaced. It is shown in this paper that sound field reproduction with a spatially non-uniform loudspeaker arrangement can be considerably improved by changing the physical quantity to be controlled on the bounding surface from pressure to particle velocity. One of the main advantages of the velocity control method is the simplicity with which the inverse problem can be regularized, irrespective of the direction of arrival of the sound to be reproduced. In addition, the velocity controlled sound field shows better reproduction of the time averaged intensity flow in the reproduction region which in turn appears to be closely linked with better human perception of sound localization. Furthermore, the proposed method results in smoother "panning functions" that describe the variation of the source outputs as a function of the angle of incidence of the sound to be reproduced. The performance of the velocity matching method has been evaluated by comparison to the conventional pressure matching method and through simulations with several non-uniform loudspeaker layouts. The simulated results were also verified with experiments and subjective tests.

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Fundamentals of binaural technology

Cited by 365 publications

References 12 publications

Platform for dynamic virtual auditory environment real-time rendering system

Platform for dynamic virtual auditory environment real-time rendering system

Robust 3D Robotic Sound Localization Using State-Space HRTF Inversion

Velocity controlled sound field reproduction by non-uniformly spaced loudspeakers

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