Fundamentals for an International Typology of Social Enterprise Models

Towards an Appreciation of Ethics in Social Enterprise Business Models

“…They both frame SEs in three ways: hybrid (i) CTAs constituted in charity law; hybrid (ii) CMEs constituted in society law; and hybrid (iii) SRBs constituted in company law. This aligns with the latest global research project (ICSEM) led by Defourny and Nyssens (2016). The ICSEM project also separates organisational types into distinct hybrids: (1) public sector social enterprises (PSSE); (2) entrepreneurial non-proits (ENP); (3) social co-operatives (SC); and (4) social businesses (SB).…”

“…The challenge here is the positioning of co-operatives as SEs, because co-operatives might supericially display a more internal than external orientation, or be associated with Dees's mission and market 'mixed motives'. As seen in Table 1, the positioning of co-operatives is, however, recognised explicitly by Conaty (2001), Westall (2001), Cornforth (2003), Defourny and Nyssens (2016) and Ridley-Duf and Bull (2016). Lastly, Laasch and Conway discuss philanthropic organisations with an external value orientation ('business foundations'), similar to Dees's 'purely philanthropic' type and Hjorth's 'socialising' entrepreneurship with a public ethos.…”

“…The ield of SE does not just concern itself with products and services, but also the contribution of SEs to the quality of human relationships within a community. It is for this reason that international deinitions and laws identify the need for governance systems that enable people afected by decisions to contribute to making them (Defourny and Nyssens 2016;Restakis 2010;Ridley-Duf 2015). Moreover, Laville and Nyssens (2001) have long argued that one of the primary 'products' of SE is social, not economic, capital.…”

“…They combine memberownership and/or member-control with trading that provides a mix of member and public beneits. Within CMEs, pluralism is more fully realised in social and solidarity co-ops (Defourny and Nyssens 2016;Ridley-Duf 2015) because their structures are more open and inclusive than singlestakeholder co-ops and share beneits more widely across a community (Fig. 4).…”

The Solidarity Economy in South and North America: Converging Experiences

“…Since the early 1990s, scholars and activists have highlighted new surges in these initiatives, stressing their element of reciprocity and their tendency of expanding democracy through public spheres, thus involving civil society and generating greater social commitment. These facts have been taken into account in current debates on the major issues facing society, on a national and worldwide scale, thus creating opportunities for collaborative research projects and publications (DEFOURNY and NYSSENS, 2016).…”