Fundamentals and Challenges of Lithium Ion Batteries at Temperatures between −40 and 60 °C

Abstract

Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) continuously prove themselves to be the main power source in consumer electronics and electric vehicles. To ensure environmental sustainability, LIBs must be capable of performing well at extreme temperatures, that is, between −40 and 60 °C. In this review, the recent important progress and advances in the subzero and elevated temperature operations of LIBs is comprehensively summarized from a materials perspective. In the scenario of subzero temperatures, limitations, electrolytes, anodes, and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI); cathodes and cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI); and binders are thoroughly discussed to explore the fundamentals and basics that underlie the decay in electrochemical performance and how the chemistry, physics, and electrochemistry are correlated with the materials and components that interact with each other. In the case of high temperatures limitations, the thermal stability of the key materials and components are reviewed, and then the reaction thermodynamics and kinetics of the anodes, cathodes, electrolytes, and their interactions are described using the highest occupied molecular orbit (HOMO)/lowest unoccupied molecular orbit (LUMO), and are extensively discussed. The prospect of combining the extreme temperature poles in a single cell by introducing appropriate electrolytes and additives is discussed.

Rapid Lithium Diffusion in Order@Disorder Pathways for Fast‐Charging Graphite Anodes

“…In addition, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments further depict the same SEI decomposition peak (Figure S10, Supporting Information). [ 21 ] Therefore, there is negligible difference on the components of SEI between G and G@TC, indicating that the altering of SEI chemistry should not be the major attribution for performance enhancement after coating the turbostratic carbon layer.…”

Uncovering hydrogen anion triggered thermal runaway mechanism of a high-energy LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2/graphite pouch cell

“…The most direct and e cient strategy is formulating wide temperature electrolyte by dissolving thermally stable lithium salts in low melting point and high boiling point solvents with low viscosity. 7,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43] Herein, a dual-salt electrolyte of 0.6 M LiTFSI + 0.4 M LiDFOB EC/PC/EMC (Fig. 1a).…”

Designing Advanced Lithium‐Based Batteries for Low‐Temperature Conditions

“…[23][24][25] While briefly touched upon here, a more detailed chronology of specific low-temperature engineering developments for the graphite anode and layered-oxide cathode can be found in past reviews focused on traditional lithium-ion battery materials at low temperatures. [5,6,11] As demonstrated through these engineering efforts, the key performance-inhibiting behavior of lithium-ion batteries at low-temperature conditions is fundamentally tied to the electrolyte-electrode interface, rather than the bulk electrolyte or electrodes themselves. This was further diagnosed in 2003, when Zhang and co-workers showed that charge-transfer at the graphite-electrolyte interface sharply increased as a function of decreasing temperature.…”